Abstract
Here we report the synthesis of intense yellow emitting CaS:Eu nanoparticles by a low temperature wet chemical coprecipitation method which can be used for various optoelectronic and biological applications. The particles were characterized systematically using techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL) and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. XRD analysis revealed that all the samples exhibited a cubic structure with good crystallinity. Formation of nanoparticles having spherical morphology with the diameter in the range 4–8 nm was confirmed by TEM analysis. The PL emission color varied from yellowish white to yellow as the excitation wavelength was increased from 335 to 395 nm. The PL emission peaks are attributed to 5D0- 7FJ (J = 0,1,2,3,...) electronic transitions of Eu3+ ions incorporated into the CaS host lattice. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy measurements were taken to elucidate the presence of various bonds in the sample. In vitro cytotoxicity analysis of the samples was also performed using MTT assay on human L929 fibroblasts cell lines in order to assess the biocompatibility of the nanoparticles. This is the first time report of the cytotoxicity studies of highly fluorescent CaS: Eu nanoparticles synthesized by wet chemical method.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Lehman W, Ryan FM (1971) Cathodoluminescence of CaS : Ce3 + and CaS : Eu2 + phosphors. J Electrochem Soc 118:477–482
Crandall RS (1987) Mechanism of electroluminescence in alkaline earth sulfides. Appl Phys Lett 50:551–553
Kasano H, Megumi K, Yamamoto H (1987) Cathodoluminescence of Ca1-xMgS: A (A=Eu or Ce). J Electrochem Soc 131:1953–1960
Yamamoto H, Megumi K Kasano H (1987) An orange-emitting phosphor (Ca, Mg)S.Mn for terminal display tubes. J Electrochem Soc 134:1571–1573
Marwaha GL, Singh N, Vij DR, Mathur VK (1980) Spectral variations and retrapping processes in CaS: Bi dosimeter. Radiat Eff 53:25–31
Marwaha GL, Singh N, Nagpal JS, Mathur VK (1981) Operational importance of some physical parameters of TL phosphor CaS: Bi. Radiat Eff 55:85–90
Anuradha RI (2016) Europium doped nanophosphors and applications in in vitro optical bioimaging. J Integr Sci Technol 4(2):46–50
Sun BQ, Yi GS, Chen D, Zhou Y, Cheng J (2002) Synthesis and characterization of strongly fluorescent europium doped calcium sulfide nanoparticles. J Mater Chem 12:1194–1198
Haecke JE, Smet ZPF, Keyser KD, Poelman D (2007) Single crystal CaS: Eu and SrS: Eu luminescent particles obtained by solvothermal synthesis. J.Electrochem.Soc 154:J278–J282
Sawada N, Chen Y, Isobe T (2006) Low-temperature synthesis and photoluminescence of IIA-VIB nanophosphors doped with rare earth ions. J Alloys Compd 408:824–827
Burbano DC, Rodríguez EM, Dorenbos P, Capobianca JA (2014) The near –IR photostimulated luminescence of in CaS: Eu2+/ Dy3+ nanophosphors. J Mater Chem C 2:228–233
Burbano DC, Sharma SK, Dorenbos P, Viana B, Capobianca JA (2015) Persistent and photostimulated red emission in CaS: Eu2+, Dy3+ nanophosphors. Ad Opt Mater 3:551–557
Han M, Oh SJ, Park J, Park HL (1993) X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic studies of CaS: Eu and SrS: Eu phosphors. J Appl Phys 73(9):4546–4549
Rao CA, Rao NVP, Murthy KVR (2015) Synthesis, characterization and photoluminescence properties of CaS: Eu3+ and SrS: Eu3+ for white LED. APL 2(4):4–10. https://doi.org/10.1097/APL/62
Wu SH, Tseng CL, Lin FH (2010) A newly developed Fe-doped calcium sulfide nanoparticles with magnetic property for cancer hyperthermia. J Nanopart Res 12:1173–1185
Wu SH, Yang K, Tseng C, Chen J, Lin FH (2011) Silica modified Fe doped CaS nanoparticles for invitro and in vivo cancer hypothermia. J Nanopart Res 13:1139–1149
Forti K, Figueroa M, Torres B, Bernard F, Rivera D, Castro ME, Suarez E (2016) Calcium sulfide (CaS) nanostructure treatment on non-small cell lung cancer. FASEB J 30(1):1099.4
Kumar V, Kumar R, Lochab SP, Singh N (2006) Synthesis and characterization of bismuth doped calcium sulfide nanocrystallites. J Phys Condens Matter 18:5029–5036
Meerloo JV, Kaspers G, Cloos J (2011) Cell sensitivity assays: the MTT assay. In Cree IA (ed) Methods in molecular biology, cancer cell culture methods and protocols second edition. Humana Press, pp 237
Talarico LB, Zibetti RGM, Faria PCS, Scolaro LA, Duarte MER, Noseda MD, Pujol CA, Damonte EB (2004) Anti-herpes simplex virus activity of sulfated galactans from the red seaweeds Gymnogongrus griffithsiae and Cryptonemia crenulate. Int J Biol Macromol 34:63–41
Cullity BD (1978) Elements of X-ray diffraction, 2nd edn. Addison-Wiley Pub Co, Reading, Massachusetts, p 102
Luo W, Liu Y, Chen X (2015) Lanthanide doped semiconductor nanocrystals: electronic structures and optical properties. Sci China Mater 58:819–850
Huo Q, Tu W, Gio L (2017) Enhanced photoluminescence property and broad color emission of ZnGa2 O4 phosphor due to the synergistic role of Eu and carbon dots. Opt Mater 72:305–312
Xu B, Li D, Huang Z, Tang C, Mo W, Ma Y (2018) Alleviating luminescence concentration quenching in lanthanide doped CaF2 based nanoparticles through Na+ ion doping. Dalton Trans 47:7534–7540
Byun HJ, Kim J, Yang H (2009) Blue green and red emission from undoped and doped Zn Ga2O4 colloidal nanocrystals. Nanotechnology 20:495602
Wani JA, Dhoble NS, Kokode NS, Dhoble JS (2014) Synthesis and photoluminescence property of Re3+activated Na2Ca P2O7 phosphor. Adv Mater Lett 5(8):459–464
Blasse G (1986) Energy transfer between inequivalent Eu2+ ions. J Solid State Chem 62:207–211
Uitert LGV (1969) Characterization of energy transfer interactions between rare earth ions. J Electrochem Soc 114:1048–1053
Kubelka P, Munk F (1931) Ein Beitrag zur Optik der Farbanstriche. Zh Tekh Fiz 12:593–620
Kubelka P (1948) New contributions to the optics of intensely light-scattering materials. Part 1. J Opt Soc Am 38:448–457
Rekha S, Martinez A, Safeera TA, Anila EI (2017) Enhanced luminescence of Triethanolamine capped CaS nanophosphors synthesized by wet chemical method. J Lumin 190:94–99
Ahamed S, Zekry A (2010) A new and simple model for plasma and doping induced bandgap narrowing. J Electron Devices 8:293–299
Majid A, Ali A (2009) Band tailing effects in neon-implanted GaN. J Appl Phys 106:123528
Naumkin AV, Kraut-Vass A, Gaarenstroom SW, Powell CJ (2012) NIST x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy database, NIST Standard Reference Database 20, Version 4.1. https://doi.org/10.18434/T4T88K
Poornaprakash BP, Poojitha PT, Chalapathi U, Park SH (2016) Achieving room temperature ferromagnetism in ZnS nanoparticles via Eu3+ doping. Mater Lett 181:227–230
Kumar S, Prakash R, Choudhary RJ, Phase DM (2015) Structural, XPS and magnetic studies of pulsed laser deposited Eu2O3 thin film. Mater Res Bull 70:392–396
Coates J (2000) Interpretation of infrared spectra, a practical approach. In: Mayers RA (ed) Encyclopedia of analytical chemistry. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester, p 10815
Interpreting an infrared spectra: chemguide (2014). Available at http://www.chemguide.co.uk/analysis/ir/interpret. Accessed 17.05.2018
Anandhan K, Thilak K (2015) Synthesis, FTIR, UV-vis and photoluminescence characterizations of triethanolamine passivated CdO nanostructures. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biolmol Spectrosc 49:476–480
Acknowledgments
Authors thank the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India for financial support under the EMR scheme. Author S. Rekha thank University Grants Commission (UGC), Government of India for aid under FDP.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rekha, S., Anila, E.I. Intense Yellow Emitting Biocompatible CaS:Eu Nanophosphors Synthesized by Wet Chemical Method. J Fluoresc 29, 673–682 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10895-019-02375-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10895-019-02375-3