Abstract
In design of fusion reactors, structural material selection is very crucial to improve reactor’s performance. Different types of materials have been proposed for use in fusion reactor structures. Among these materials, refractory metals and alloys having capability to withstand high temperatures and high neutron wall loads have been considered to get high power density in fusion reactors. However, these materials have insufficient technological database and are very expensive compared to steels. In addition to that, except chromium and some chromium alloys they show no low activation property. This study gives an overview of potential of refractory metals and alloys for possible use in fusion reactors.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
W. J. Hogan and E. Bertel, Introduction: Inertial Fusion Energy Fundamentals, Energy from Inertial Fusion, Editors; W. J. Hogan, J. Coutant, S. Nakai, V. B. Rozanov and G. Velarde (IAEA, Vienna 1995)
Holden J. P. (1991) Annu. Rev. Energy Environ. 16: 235
Abdou M. A., The APEX Team (1999) Fusion Eng. Design 45: 145
M. A. Abdou, On the Exploration of Innovative Concepts for Fusion Chamber Technology, APEX Interim Report (Overview), UCLA-ENG-99-206, UCLA-FNT-107 (University of California, Los Angeles, California, 1999)
Van der Schaaf B. (2000) Fusion Eng. Design 51–52: 43
Tavassoli A. -A. (1995) Fusion Eng. Design 29: 371
J. E. Pawell, A. F. Rowcliffe, D. J. Alexander, and M. L. Grossbeck et al. J. Nuclear Mater., 233–237, 202 (1996)
Pawell J. E., Rowcliffe A. F., Lucas G. E. et al. (1996) J. Nuclear Mater. 239: 126
Zinkle S. J., Maziasz P. J., Stoller R. E. (1993) J. Nuclear Mater. 206: 266
Maziasz P. J. (1993) J. Nuclear Mater. 205: 118
Horsten M. G., DeVries M. I. (1994) J. Nuclear Mater. 212–215: 514
Puzzolante J-L., Scibetta M., Chaouadi R. et al. (2000) J. Nuclear Mater. 283–287: 428
Rodchebkov B. S., Strebkov Y. S., Kalinin G. M. et al. (2000) Fusion Eng. Design 49–50: 657
Klueh R. L., Cheng E. T., Grossbeck M. L. et al. (2000) J. Nuclear Mater. 280: 353
Kohyama A., Hishinuma A., Kohno Y. et al. (1998) Fusion Eng. Design 41: 1
Mukhopadhyay D. K., Froes F. H., Gelles D. S. (1998) J. Nuclear Mater. 258–263: 1209
Krajnikov A. V., Demidik A. N., Ortner H. M. (1997) Mater. Sci. Eng. A 234–236: 357
Kimura K., Kushima H., Abe F. et al. (1997) Mater. Sci. Eng. A 234–236: 1079
Ishii T., Fukaya K., Nishiyama Y. et al. (1998) J. Nuclear Mater. 258–263: 1183
Nagesha A., Valsan M., Kannan R. et al. (2002) Int. J. Fatigue 24: 1285
Hara S., Abe T., Enoeda M. et al. (1998) J. Nuclear Mater. 258–263: 1280
Klueh R. L., Alexander D. J. (1999) J. Nuclear Mater. 265: 262
Kurtz R. J., Abe K., Chernov V. M. et al. (2000) J. Nuclear Mater. 283–287: 70
Smith D. L., Billone M. C., Natesan K. (2000) Int. J. Refract. Metals Hard Metals 18: 213
Chung H. M., Loomis B. A., Smith D. L. (1996) J. Nuclear Mater. 239: 139
Smith D. L., Chung H. M., Matsui H. et al. (1998) Fusion Eng. Design 41: 7
Muroga T., Nagasaka T. (2000) Int. J. Refract. Metals Hard Metals 18: 225
Kuwabara T., Kurishita H., Hasegawa M. (2000) J. Nuclear Mater. 283–287: 611
Bray T. S., Tsai H., Nowicki L. J. et al. (2000) J. Nuclear Mater. 283–287: 633
Fukumoto K., Morimura T., Tanaka T. et al. (1996) J. Nuclear Mater. 239: 170
Kurtz R. J., Hamilton M. L., Li H. (1998) J. Nuclear Mater. 258–263: 1375
Chung H. M., Loomis B. A., Smith D. L. (1994) J. Nuclear Mater. 212–215: 772
Kurtz R. J., Hamilton M. L. (2000) J. Nuclear Mater. 283–287: 628
Jones R. H., Henager C. H. (1995) J. Nuclear Mater. 219: 55
Riccardi B., Fenici P., Frias Rebelo A. et al. (2000) Fusion Eng. Design 51–52: 11
Aiello G., Golfier H., Maire J-F. et al. (2000) Fusion Eng. Design 51–52: 73
Kurihara R., Ueda S., Nishio S. et al. (2001) Fusion Eng. Design 54: 465
Giancarli L., Bonal J. P., Caso A. et al. (1998) Fusion Eng. Design 41: 165
Snead L. L., Schwarz O. J. (1998) J. Nuclear Mater. 219: 3
Takahashi H., Shindo Y., Kinoshita H. et al. (1998) J. Nuclear Mater. 258–263: 1644
Piatti G., Schiller P. (1986) J. Nuclear Mater. 141–143: 417
Marchionni M., Boerman D. J. (1996) J. Nuclear Mater. 228: 129
Suzuki Y., Saida T., Kudough F. (1998) J. Nuclear Mater. 258–263: 1687
Merola M., Zucchetti M. (1992) Fusion Technol. 21: 129
A. El-Azab, In: M. Youssef, M. Sawan, C. Wong (eds) On the exploration of innovative concepts for fusion chamber technology, APEX Interim Report (Overview), UCLA-ENG-99-206, UCLA-FNT-107 (University of California, Los Angeles, California, 1999)
Gold R. E., Harrod D. L. (1979) J. Nuclear Mater. 85&86: 805
Buckman R. W. Jr. (2000) Int. J. Refract. Metals Hard Mater. 18: 253
Feuerstein H., Grabner H., Oschinski J. et al. (1996) J. Nuclear Mater. 233–237: 1383
Zinkle S. J., Ghoniem N. M. (2000) Fusion Eng. Design 51–52: 55
Kalinin G. M. (1991) J. Nuclear Mater. 179–181: 1193
S. J. Zinkle, In: M. Youssef, M. Sawan, C. Wong (eds) On the Exploration of Innovative Concepts for Fusion Chamber Technology, APEX Interim Report (Overview), UCLA-ENG-99-206, UCLA-FNT-107 (University of California, Los Angeles, California, 1999)
Taylor L. H., Green L. (1996) Fusion Eng. Design 32–33: 105
Stamm H., Bonansinga M.R., Dos Santos Marques F. et al. (1998) J. Nuclear Mater. 258–263: 1756
Zucchetti M., Merola M. (1996) J. Nuclear Mater. 233–237: 1486
Holzwarth U., Stamm H. (2002) J. Nuclear Mater. 300: 161
Wadsack R., Pippan R., Schedler B. (2001) Fusion Eng. Design 58–59: 743
Fabritsiev S. A., Pokrovsky A. S. (1998) J. Nuclear Mater. 252: 216
Scibetta M., Chaouadi R., Puzzolante J. L. (2000) J. Nuclear Mater. 283–287: 455
Chakin V., Kazakov V. (1996) J. Nuclear Mater. 233–237: 570
Igata N., Kohyama A., Itadani K. (1979) J. Nuclear Mater. 85&86: 895
Mattas R. F., Malang S., Khater H. et al. (2000) Fusion Eng. Design 49–50: 613
Ioki K., Barabaschi P., Bruno L. (1998) Fusion Eng. Design 39–40: 585
Smid I., Akiba M., Vieider G. et al. (1998) J. Nuclear Mater. 258–263: 160
Yoshida N. (1999) J. Nuclear Mater. 266–269: 197
Nemoto Y., Hasegawa A., Satou M. et al. (2000) J. Nuclear Mater. 283–287: 1144
Kitsunai Y., Kurishita H., Kayano H. et al. (1999) J. Nuclear Mater. 271&272: 423
Park J. J. (1999) Mater. Sci. Eng. A 265: 174
Park J. J. (1999) Int. J. Refract. Metals Hard Mater. 17: 331
J. B. Conway, In: R. H. Cooper Jr., E. E. Hoffman (eds) Proc. Symp. On Refractory Alloy Technology for Space Nuclear Power Applications, CONF-8308130 (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1984)
H. E. McCoy, Oak Ridge National Report ORNL/TM-10127 (1986)
D. C. Goldberg, In: W. F. Brown Jr. (ed) Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, AFML-TR 68–115 (Metals and Ceramics Information Center, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1969)
J. H. Devan, J. R. Distefano, E. E. Hoffman, In: R. H. Cooper Jr., E. E. Hoffman (eds) Proc. Symp. On Refractory Alloy Technology for Space Nuclear Power Applications, CONF-8308130 (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1984)
E. E. Hoffman, J. H. Devan, J. R. Distefano, In: E. N. C. Dalder, T. Grobstein, C. S. Olsen (eds) Evolution of Refractory Metals and Alloys (The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, Warrendale, PA, 1994)
R. H. Burns, F. S. Shuker Jr., P. E. Mannin, In: R. E. Smallwood (ed) Refractory Metals and Their Industrial Applications (ASTM STP 849, Philadelphia, 1984)
F. W. Wiffen, In: R. J. Arsenault (ed) Proc. Int. Conf. on Defects and Defect clusters in BCC Metals and Their Alloys, Nuclear Metallurgy Vol. 18 (National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD, 1973)
Tietz T. E., Wilson J. W. (1965) Behavior and Properties of Refractory Metals. Stanford University Press, Stanford, USA
F. W. Wiffen. In: R. H. Cooper Jr., E. E. Hoffman (eds) Proc. Symp. On Refractory Alloy Technology for Space Nuclear Power Applications, CONF-8308130 (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1984)
Cambe A., Gauthier E., Layet J. M. et al. (2001) Fusion Eng. Design 56–57: 331
Plansee International, Molybdenum, Metallwerk Plansee GmbH, 530 DEF 9.86
R. I. Jaffee, D. J. Maykuth, and E. M. Sherwood, In: I. E. Campbell, E. M. Sherwood (eds) High Temperature Materials and Technology (John Wiley & Sons, 1967, pp. 152–187)
T. A. Al-Kusayer, S. Şahin, and A. Drira, CLAW-IV, Coupled 30 Neutrons, 12 Gamma Ray Group Cross Sections with Retrieval Programs for Radiation Transport Calculations (RSIC Newsletter, Radiation Shielding Information Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1988)
M. Übeyli, Mater. Design (2006) (in press)
Übeyli M. (2003) J. Fusion Energy 22(4): 249–255
Übeyli M. (2004) J. Fusion Energy 23(3): 183–189
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Übeyli, M., Yalçın, Ş. Utilization of Refractory Metals and Alloys in Fusion Reactor Structures. J Fusion Energ 25, 197–205 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10894-006-9019-4
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10894-006-9019-4