Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Electrophysiological Study of Effects of Environmental Factors on Respiration and Cardiac Activity in the Fry of the Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar

  • Comparative and Ontogenic Physiology
  • Published:
Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Effects of temperature and level of illumination on cardiac and respiratory rhythms have been analyzed in the juvenile Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. at different stages of ontogenesis. The study was carried out under field conditions, which allowed avoiding to a considerable degree the effect of artifacts due to chemical and physical properties of water and to fish transposition. The “handlinglp”-reaction of the fry cardiac and respiratory activities was examined. A statistically significant decrease of the respiration rate (RR) by the 30th min and of the heart rate (HR) by the 15th min of experiment was revealed. A more expressed reaction of the decrease of cardiac and respiratory activities after transfer to the working chamber was found in juvenile salmons at early stages of their development. A linear dependence of frequency characteristics of electrocardiograms and electropneumograms (ECG and EPG) was shown in parrs and smolts on temperature in the range from 4 to 24°C. According to reaction of the respiratory system of smolts there was identified a signaling significance of the illumination level in the range of 10–20 kLx, which is confirmed by data on fish behavior in nature. Study of the changes in EEG and EPG allowed suggesting the presence of correlation of frequency characteristics of cardiac and respiratory activities of juvenile salmons with the metabolic level. However, moments of fundamental organism rearrangement in smolts are to be identified, which complicates the use of RR and HR as the measure of the metabolic level at this stage of the Atlantic salmon development.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

REFERENCES

  1. Dyakonov, Yu.N., Effect of Temperature on Cardiac Activity of theYearling Carp Cyprinus carpio, Vopr. Ikhtiol., 1982, vol. 22, pp. 477–481.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Kryuchkova, V.I., Structure of Respiratory Act of the South-Caspian Sturgeon at Different Stages of Ontogenesis, 3 Vsesoyuznaya konferentsiya po morskoi biologii (3rd All-Union Conf. on Marine Biology), Abstr. Reports, Sevastopol, October 18–20, 1988), Kiev, 1988, pp. 42–43.

  3. Smith, L.S., Introduction in Fish Physiology, Moscow, 1986.

  4. Webber, D.M., Boutillier, R.G., and Kerr, S.R., Cardiac Output as a Predictor of Metabolic Rate in Cod Gadus morhua, J. Exp. Biol., 1998, vol. 201, pp. 2779–2789.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Farrel, A.P., Cardiac Scope in Lower Vertebrates, Can. J. Zool., 1991, vol. 69, pp. 1981–1984.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Thorarensen, H., Gallaugher, P.E., and Farrell, A.P., The Limitations of Heart Rate as a Predictor of Metabolic Rate in Fish, J. Fish Biol., 1996, vol. 49, pp. 226–236.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Rogers, S.C. and Weatherley, A.H., The Use of Opercular Muscle Electromyograms as an Indicator of the Metabolic Costs of Fish Activity in Rainbow Trout, S. gairdneri R., as Determined by Radiotelemetry, J. Fish. Biol., 1983, vol. 23, pp. 535–547.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Franklin, C.E., Axelsson, M., and Davison, W., Constancy and Control of Heart Rate during an Increase in Temperature in the Antarctic Fish Padothenia borchgrevinki, Exp. Biol. Online, 2001, vol. 6, pp. 15–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Brodeur, J.C., Dixon, D.G., and McKinley, R.S., Assessment of Cardiac Output as a Predictor of Metabolic Rate in Rainbow Trout, J. Fish Biol., 2001, vol. 58, pp. 439–452.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Kolupaev, B.I., Physiologo-Biochemical Aspects of Biocontrol of Quality of Waters, Issledovanie biologicheskogo deistviya antropogennykh faktorov, zagryaznyayushchikh vodoemy (Study of Biological Action of Anthropogenic Factors of Reservoir Pollution), Irkutsk, 1979, pp. 125–130.

  11. Dyakonov, Yu.N., Change in Cardiac Activity of the Two-Year Old Carp Depending on Oxygen Content in Water, Sbornik nauchnykh trudov NII ozernogo i rechnogo rybnogo khozyaistva (Proceedings of Research Institute of the Lake and River Fishing Industry), 1981, no.104–109.

  12. Taylor, E.W., Jordan, D., and Coote, J.H., Central Control of the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems and Their Interactions in Vertebrates, Physiol. Rev., 1999, vol. 79, pp. 855–916.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Borch, K., Jensen, B.F., and Andersen, B.B., Cardiac Activity, Ventilation Rate and Acid-Base Regulation in Rainbow Trout Exposed to Hypoxia and Combined Hypoxia and Hypercapnia, Fish Physiol. Biochem., 1993, vol. 12, pp. 101–110.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Claireaux, G., Webber, D.M., Kerr, S.R., and Boutilier, R.G., Physiology and Behavior of Free-Swimming Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua) Facing Fluctuating Temperature Conditions, J. Exp. Biol., 1995, vol. 98, pp. 49–60.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Metcalfe, N.B., The Interaction between Behavior and Physiology in Determining Life History Patterns in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar), Can. J. Fish Aquat. Sci., 1998, vol. 55, pp. 93–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Hojesjo, J., Johnsson, J.I., and Axelsson, M. Behavioral and Heart Rate Responses to Food Limitation and Predation Risk: an Experimental Study on Rainbow Trout, J. Fish Biol., 1999, vol. 55, pp. 1009–1019.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Bakhmet, I.N., Experimental Study of Behavioral and Physiological Reactions of Juvenile Atlantic Salmon, Cand. Sci. Dissertation, Petrozavodsk, 1998.

  18. Belich, A.I., Continuous Long Recording of the Heart Rate by a Distant Method, Fiziol. Zh. im. I.M. Sechenova Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1979, vol. 65, pp. 1079–1082.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Goodman, D.A. and Weinberg, N.M., Submerged Electrodes in an Aquarium. Validation of a Technique for Remote Sensing of a Behavior, Behav. Res. Methods Instrum., 1971, vol. 3, pp. 281–286.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Rommel, S.A., A Simple Method for Recording Fish Heart and Operculum Beats without the Use of Implanted Electrodes, J. Fish. Res. Board. Canada, 1973, vol. 19, pp. 417–422.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Bugrov, L.Yu., Peculiarities of Behavior of the Salmon Fry under Conditions of Photogradient. Communication I. Results of Chamber Studies, Sbornik nauchnykh trudov. NII ozernogo i rechnogo rybnogo khozyaistva (Proceedings of Research Institute of the Lake and River Fishing Industry), 1985, no. 229, pp. 51–63.

  22. Varnavskii, V.S., Smoltifikatsiya lososevykh (Smoltification of Salmonidae), Vladivostok, 1990.

  23. Rimmer, D.M. and Paim, U., Effects of Temperature, Photoperiod and Season of the Photobehaviour of Juvenile Atlantic Salmon, Can. J. Zool., 1990, vol. 68, pp. 1098–1103.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Titkov, E.S., Peculiarities of Diurnal Periodicity of Consciousness and Rest in the Catfish Ictalurus nebulosus, Zh. Evol. Biokhim. Fiziol., 1976, vol. 12, pp. 335–339.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Baevskii, R.M., Kirillov, O.I., and Kletskin, S.Z., Matematicheskii analiz izmenenii serdechnogo ritma pri stresse (Mathematical Analysis of Changes of Cardiac Rhythm in Stress), Moscow, 1984.

  26. Nikitina, G.M., Formirovanie tselostnoi deyatel’nosti organizma v ontogeneze (Formation of the Organism Integral Activity in Ontogenesis), Moscow, 1971.

  27. Pavlov, D.S., Sadkovskii, R.V., Kostin, V.V., and Lupandin, A.I., Experimantal Study of Young Fish Distribution Band Behavior under Combined Influence of Baro-, Photo-and Thermo-Gradients, J. Fish Biol., 2000, vol. 57, pp. 69–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Sandin, L. and Nilsson, S., Arterio-Venous Brahchial Blood Flow in the Atlantic Cod Gadus morhua, J. Exp. Biol., 1992, vol. 165, pp. 73–84.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Karpovich, T.A. and Kolupaev, B.I., Correlation of Respiration and Heart Rates in Fish during Changes of Environmental Factors, IV Vsesoyuznaya konferentsiya po ekologicheskoi fiziologii ryb (IV All-Union Conf. on Ecological Physiology of Fish), Astrakhan, 1979, pp. 167–168.

  30. Karpovich, T.A. and Kolupaev, B.I., Electrographic Recording of Respiration and Cardiac Activity in Fish and Crustacea, Gidrobiol. Zh., 1981, vol. 17, no.5, p. 110.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Pegel, V.A., On Adaptive Mechanism of Reaction of Fish to Temperature Factor, Biologicheskie osnovy rybnogo khozyaistva (Biological Basis of Fishing Industry), Tomsk, 1959, pp. 135–142.

  32. Prosser, S.L., Comparative Physiology of Animals, Moscow, 1977, vol. 2.

  33. Kangur, A.O., On Dependence of Gas Exchange in the Eel Fry on Environmental Temperature, VI Vsesoyuznaya konferentsiya po fiziologii i biokhimii ryb (VI All-Union Conf. on Ecological Physiology and Biochemistry of Fish), 1985, pp. 89–90.

  34. Veselov, A.E., Distribution and Behavior of the Juvenile Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) in the Water Flow, Cand. Sci. Dissertation, Moscow, 1993.

  35. Flerova, G.I. and Gdovskii, P.A., Propagation Rate of Excitation in Olfactory Nerve Fibers and Evoked Responses of the Fish Olfactory Brain under Conditions of Changed Temperature, Vopr. Ikhtiol., 1976, vol. 16, pp. 119–125.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Karpovich, T.A., Kolupaev, B.I., and Beim, A.M., Method of Biotesting Based on Recording of Respiratory and Cardiac Activities of Fish, Metody biotestirovanita vod (Method of Biological Testing of Waters), Chernogolovka, 1988, pp. 60–65.

  37. Golovanov, V.K., Ecologo-Physiological Aspects of Thermoregulation Behavior of Freshwater Fish, Sb. dokl. 2 vseross. soveshchaniya “Povedenie i raspredelenie ryb” (Proc. 2nd All-Russia Meeting “Behavior and Distribution of Fish), Borok, 1996, pp. 16–40.

  38. Stroganov, N.S., Ekologicheskaya fiziologiya ryb (Ecological Physiology of Fish), Moscow, 1962, vol. 1.

  39. Lapkin, V.V., Annual Cyclicity of Life Activity of Fish of Moderate Latitudes from Thermodynamic Point of View, Vopr. Ikhtiol., 1998, vol. 19, pp. 782–792.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Brodeur, J.C., Dixon, D.G., and McKinley, R.S., Assessment of Cardiac Output as a Predictor of Metabolic Rate in Rainbow Trout, J. Fish Biol., vol. 58, pp. 439–452.

  41. Lyytikainen, T. and Jobling, M., The Effect of Temperature Fluctuations on Oxygen Consumption and Ammonia Excretion of Underyearling Lake Inari Arctic Charr, J. Fish Biol., 1998, vol. 52, pp. 1186–1198.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Smirnov, Yu.A., Presnovodnyi losos’. Ekologiya, vosproizvodstvo, ispolzovanie (Freshwater Salmon. Ecology, Reproduction, Utilization), Leningrad, 1979.

  43. Mitans, A.R., Comparative Characteristic of Conditions of the Existence, Nutrition, and Growth of Fry in Latvian Rivers, Rybokhozyaistvennoe issledovanie v bas. Baltiiskogo morya (Fish-Farm Study in the Region of the Baltic Sea Basin), Riga, 1971, Iss. 8, pp. 3–54.

  44. Saunders, R.L., Henderson, E.B., and Harmon, P.R., Effects of Photoperiod on Juvenile Growth and Smolting of Atlantic Salmon and Subsequent Survival and Growth in Sea Cages, Aquaculture, 1985, vol. 45, nos.1–4, pp. 55–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Nesterov, V.D., Behavior of the Juvenile Atlantic Salmon Salmons salar L. at the Period of Downstream Migration, Cand. Sci. Dissertation, Moscow, 1985.

  46. Responses of Fish to Environmental Changes, Walter, Chavin, Ed., 1973.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Biology, Karelian Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Petrozavodsk, Russia

    I. N. Bakhmet

Authors
  1. I. N. Bakhmet
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Additional information

__________

Translated from Zhurnal Evolyutsionnoi Biokhimii i Fiziologii, Vol. 41, No. 2, 2005, pp. 139–145.

Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Bakhmet.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Bakhmet, I.N. Electrophysiological Study of Effects of Environmental Factors on Respiration and Cardiac Activity in the Fry of the Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar . J Evol Biochem Phys 41, 176–184 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10893-005-0052-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10893-005-0052-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation