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Grazer-Induced Chemical Defense in a Microcystin-Producing Microcystis aeruginosa (Cyanobacteria) Exposed to Daphnia gessneri Infochemicals

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Abstract

Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic microorganisms that compose phytoplankton and therefore have a trophic relationship with zooplankton, which represent an important link for energy flux in aquatic food webs. Several species can form blooms and produce bioactive metabolites known as cyanotoxins. However, the ecological and adaptative role of these toxins are still under debate. Many studies have addressed the cyanotoxins’ function in defense against herbivory when grazing pressure by zooplankton plays a role in phytoplankton top-down control. Thus, the present study evaluated the ecophysiological responses of the cyanobacterial strain Microcystis aeruginosa NPLJ-4 underlying the chemical induced defense against the cladoceran Daphnia gessneri. Exposure to predator infochemicals consisted of cultures established in ASM-1 medium prepared in a filtrate from a culture of adults of D. gessneri at an environmentally relevant density. Daphnia infochemicals promoted a significant increase in toxin production by M. aeruginosa. However, no differences in growth were observed, despite a significant increase in both maximum photosynthetic efficiency and electron transport rate in response to zooplankton. Additionally, there was no significant variation in the production of exopolysaccharides. Overall, although a grazer-induced defense response was demonstrated, there were no effects on M. aeruginosa fitness, which maintained its growth in the presence of Daphnia alarm cues.

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Data Availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Daniel V. Lima for supporting Thiago F.C.P. Rodrigues in the carbohydrate analysis. The authors also thank the anonymous reviewers for their comments to improve this manuscript. This work was supported by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development – CNPq (proc. 306174/2018-9) and by the Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for the Support of Science in Rio de Janeiro Development – FAPERJ (proc. E-26/203.032/2015). Mauro C. P. Vilar and Thiago F.C.P. Rodrigues were supported by CNPq doctoral and scientific initiation scholarships, respectively.

Funding

This work was funded by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development – CNPq (grant number 306174/2018–9) and by the Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for the Support of Science in Rio de Janeiro Development –FAPERJ (grant number E-26/203.032/2015). M.C.P.V. and T.F.C.P.R. were supported by CNPq scholarships.

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  1. Thiago Ferreira da Costa Pena Rodrigues have contributed equally to this study.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Toxicology of Cyanobacteria, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21949-902, Brazil

    Mauro Cesar Palmeira Vilar, Thiago Ferreira da Costa Pena Rodrigues & Sandra Maria Feliciano de Oliveira e Azevedo

  2. Laboratory of Evaluation and Promotion of Environmental Health, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil

    Aloysio da Silva Ferrão-Filho

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  1. Mauro Cesar Palmeira Vilar
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Contributions

Conceptualization – M.C.P.V., T.F.C.P.R., A.S.F.F. and S.M.F.O.A.; Data acquisition – M.C.P.V. and T.F.C.P.R.; Formal analysis – M.C.P.V. and T.F.C.P.R.; Funding acquisition – S.M.F.O.A.; Supervision – A.S.F.F. and S.M.F.O.A.; Writing/original draft – M.C.P.V.; Writing, review & editing – M.C.P.V., A.S.F.F. and S.M.F.O.A.

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Vilar, M.C.P., da Costa Pena Rodrigues, T.F., da Silva Ferrão-Filho, A. et al. Grazer-Induced Chemical Defense in a Microcystin-Producing Microcystis aeruginosa (Cyanobacteria) Exposed to Daphnia gessneri Infochemicals. J Chem Ecol 47, 847–858 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-021-01315-5

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