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Phenolic Responses of Mountain Crowberry (Empetrum nigrum ssp. hermaphroditum) to Global Climate Change are Compound Specific and Depend on Grazing by Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus)

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Abstract

Mountain crowberry (Empetrum nigrum ssp. hermaphroditum) is a keystone species in northern ecosystems and exerts important ecosystem-level effects through high concentrations of phenolic metabolites. It has not been investigated how crowberry phenolics will respond to global climate change. In the tundra, grazing by reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) affects vegetation and soil nutrient availability, but almost nothing is known about the interactions between grazing and global climate change on plant phenolics. We performed a factorial warming and fertilization experiment in a tundra ecosystem under light grazing and heavy grazing and analyzed individual foliar phenolics and crowberry abundance. Crowberry was more abundant under light grazing than heavy grazing. Although phenolic concentrations did not differ between grazing intensities, responses of crowberry abundance and phenolic concentrations to warming varied significantly depending on grazing intensity. Under light grazing, warming increased crowberry abundance and the concentration of stilbenes, but decreased e.g., the concentrations of flavonols, condensed tannins, and batatasin-III, resulting in no change in total phenolics. Under heavy grazing, warming did not affect crowberry abundance, and induced a weak but consistent decrease among the different phenolic compound groups, resulting in a net decrease in total phenolics. Our results show that the different phenolic compound groups may show varying or even opposing responses to warming in the tundra at different levels of grazing intensity. Even when plant phenolic concentrations do not directly respond to grazing, grazers may have a key control over plant responses to changes in the abiotic environment, reflecting multiple adaptive purposes of plant phenolics and complex interactions between the biotic and the abiotic factors.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Aarno Niva and Sirkka Aakkonen for help in field manipulations. We also thank Henni Ylänne and Tuukka Mäkiranta for helping with leaf sampling, Suvi and Sini Katves for assisting with vegetation recording, and Juha Hyvönen for assisting with statistical analysis. Prof. Marie-Charlotte Nilsson is acknowledged for providing the batatasin-III sample. This study was funded by the Academy of Finland (decision numbers 218121 and 130507 to S. Stark)

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, P.O. Box 122, 96101, Rovaniemi, Finland

    Maria Väisänen & Sari Stark

  2. Rovaniemi Research Unit, Finnish Forest Research Institute, P.O. Box 16, 96301, Rovaniemi, Finland

    Françoise Martz

  3. Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, University of Umeå, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden

    Elina Kaarlejärvi

  4. Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, 80101, Joensuu, Finland

    Riitta Julkunen-Tiitto

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  1. Maria Väisänen
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  2. Françoise Martz
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  3. Elina Kaarlejärvi
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  4. Riitta Julkunen-Tiitto
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  5. Sari Stark
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Correspondence to Maria Väisänen.

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Väisänen, M., Martz, F., Kaarlejärvi, E. et al. Phenolic Responses of Mountain Crowberry (Empetrum nigrum ssp. hermaphroditum) to Global Climate Change are Compound Specific and Depend on Grazing by Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus). J Chem Ecol 39, 1390–1399 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-013-0367-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-013-0367-z

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