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Belowground Chemical Signaling in Maize: When Simplicity Rhymes with Efficiency

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Abstract

Maize roots respond to feeding by larvae of the beetle Diabrotica virgifera virgifera by releasing (E)-β-caryophyllene. This sesquiterpene, which is not found in healthy maize roots, attracts the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis megidis. In sharp contrast to the emission of virtually only this single compound by damaged roots, maize leaves emit a blend of numerous volatile organic compounds in response to herbivory. To try to explain this difference between roots and leaves, we studied the diffusion properties of various maize volatiles in sand and soil. The best diffusing compounds were found to be terpenes. Only one other sesquiterpene known for maize, α-copaene, diffused better than (E)-β-caryophyllene, but biosynthesis of the former is far more costly for the plant than the latter. The diffusion of (E)-β-caryophyllene occurs through the gaseous rather than the aqueous phase, as it was found to diffuse faster and further at low moisture level. However, a water layer is needed to prevent complete loss through vertical diffusion, as was found for totally dry sand. Hence, it appears that maize has adapted to emit a readily diffusing and cost-effective belowground signal from its insect-damaged roots.

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Acknowledgments

We thank all the members of the E-vol lab at the University of Neuchâtel for their support, in particular Matthias Held, Russell E. Naisbit, and Sarah Kenyon. We also thank Jean-Michel Gobat for advice on the experimental design, Violaine Jourdie for stimulating discussions and Marie-Eve Wyniger for assistance with the chemical analyses. This project was funded by the Swiss Confederation’s innovation promotion agency (CTI project no. 7487.1 LSPP-LS).

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  1. University of Neuchâtel, Institute of Biology, FARCE, Case Postale 158, CH-2009, Neuchâtel, Switzerland

    Ivan Hiltpold & Ted C. J. Turlings

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  1. Ivan Hiltpold
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Correspondence to Ted C. J. Turlings.

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Hiltpold, I., Turlings, T.C.J. Belowground Chemical Signaling in Maize: When Simplicity Rhymes with Efficiency. J Chem Ecol 34, 628–635 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-008-9467-6

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