Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Career Burnout in Parents of Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Children: Do Self-Regulation and Resilience Matter?

  • ORIGINAL ARTICLE
  • Published:
Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Job burnout can lead to serious mental health problems and damage physical health, so it is meaningful to explore the predictors of job burnout. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between resilience, self-regulation and job burnout of parents of deaf and hard-of-hearing children in mainland China. A questionnaire on resilience, self-regulation and job burnout was conducted for 416 parents of children with deaf and hard of hearing, and the data were analyzed using mplus. The results show that resilience can reduce job burnout, and self-regulation regulates the relationship between resilience and job burnout. This study focuses on the relationship between resilience, self-regulation and job burnout of parents of deaf and hard-of-hearing children in mainland China, and expands the research field of resilience and job burnout. The limitation and influence of this study are also discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
€32.70 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price includes VAT (Finland)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ahola, K., Honkonen, T., Virtanen, M., Aromaa, A., & Lönnqvist, J. (2008). Burnout in relation to age in the adult working population. Journal of Occupational Health, 50(4), 362–365.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alarcon, G. M. (2011). A meta-analysis of burnout with job demands, resources, and attitudes. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 79(2), 549–562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2011.03.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arora, M., Asha, S., Chinnappa, J., & Diwan, A. D. (2013). Burnout in emergency medicine physicians. Emergency Medicine Australasia, 25(6), 491–495.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ayala, J.-C., & Manzano, G. (2014). The resilience of the entrepreneur. Influence on the success of the business. A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Economic Psychology, 42, 126–135.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2017). Job demands–resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(3), 273–285. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000056

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2018). Multiple levels in job demands-resources theory: implications for employee well-being and performance. In Handbook of well-being.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baumeister, R. F., & Vohs, K. D. (2004). Sexual economics: Sex as female resource for social exchange in heterosexual interactions. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 8(4), 339–363. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0804_2

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bekhet, A. K., Johnson, N. L., & Zauszniewski, J. A. (2012). Resilience in family members of persons with autism spectrum disorder: A review of the literature. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 33(10), 650–656.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588–606.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berkeley, S., & Larsen, A. (2018). Fostering self-regulation of students with learning disabilities: Insights from 30 years of reading comprehension intervention research. Learning Disabilities Research & Practice, 33(2), 75–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blair, C. (2002). School readiness: Integrating cognition and emotion in a neurobiological conceptualization of children’s functioning at school entry. American Psychologist, 57(2), 111.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bronson, M. B. (2000). Recognizing and supporting the development of self-regulation in young children. Young Children, 3, 32–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136–162). Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byrne, B. M. (1989). A primer of LISREL. Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Calkins, S. D., & Keane, S. P. (2009). Developmental origins of early antisocial behavior. Development and Psychopathology, 21(4), 1095–1109. https://doi.org/10.1017/s095457940999006x

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cartwright-Hatton, S., & Wells, A. (1997). Beliefs about worry and intrusions: The meta-cognitions questionnaire and its correlates. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 11(3), 279–296.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Catalano, D., Chan, F., Wilson, L., Chiu, L. Y., & Muller, V. R. (2011). The buffering effect of resilience on depression among individuals with spinal cord injury: A structural equation model. Rehabilitation Psychology, 56, 200–211.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chandler, et al. (2021). Self-regulation moderates the relationship between fine motor skills and writing in early childhood. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 57, 239–250.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, N., Xi, J., & Fan, X. (2023). Correlations among psychological resilience, cognitive fusion, and depressed emotions in patients with depression. Behavioral Sciences, 13(2), 100. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13020100

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chung, C. M., Mak, S. Y., & Sze, P. (1995). Reflective lesson planning in refresher training programs for experienced physics teachers. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 4, 151–161.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chung, M. C., & Harding, C. (2009). Investigating burnout and psychological well-being of staff working with people with intellectual disabilities and challenging behaviour: The role of personality. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 22(6), 549–560. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3148.2009.00507.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coelho, V., et al. (2018). Self-regulation, engagement, and developmental functioning in preschool-aged children. Journal of Early Intervention, 41(2), 105–124. https://doi.org/10.1177/1053815118810238

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Devereux, J., Hastings, R., & Noone, S. (2009). Staff stress and burnout in intellectual disability services: Work stress theory and its application. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 22(6), 561–573. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3148.2009.00509.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diamond, A., Kirkham, N., & Amso, D. (2002). Conditions under which young children can hold two rules in mind and inhibit a prepotent response. Developmental Psychology, 38(3), 352.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dicke, T., Stebner, F., Linninger, C., Kunter, M., & Leutner, D. (2018). A longitudinal study of teachers’occupational well-being: Applying the job demands-resources model. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 23(2), 262.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ehde, D. M. (2009). Application of positive psychology to rehabilitation psychology. In R. G. Frank, M. Rosenthal, & B. Kaplan (Eds.), Handbook of rehabilitation psychology (pp. 417–424). American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ekas, N. V., & Whitman, T. L. (2011). Adaptation to daily stress among mothers of children with an autism spectrum disorder: The role of daily positive affect. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41(9), 1202–1213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-010-1142-4

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ekas, N. V., Whitman, T. L., & Shivers, C. (2009). Religiosity, spirituality, and socioemotional functioning in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39(5), 706–719.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Flavell, J. H. (1977). The development of knowledge about visual perception. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 25, 43–76.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Flinkman, M., Laine, M., Leino-Kilpi, H., Hasselhorn, H. M., & Salanterä, S. (2008). Explaining young registered Finnish nurses’ intention to leave the profession: A questionnaire survey. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 45(5), 727–739.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Freudenberger, H. J., & North, G. (1986). Women’s burnout : how to spot it, how to reverse it, and how to prevent it. Penguin Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garmezy, N. (1985). Stress-resistant children: the search for protective factors. In J. E. Stevenson (Ed.), Recent research in developmental psychopathology: Journal of child psychology and psychiatry book supplement, No. 4 (pp. 213–233). Oxford: Pergamon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghassemloo, F., & Yaghmaei, F. (2017). Comparing resilience and quality of life of mothers with delinquent children and mothers with healthy children. Iraninan Journal of Psychiatry Nursing, 5(2), 32–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gil-Monte, P. R., Peiró, J. M., & Valcácel, P. (1998). A model of burnout process development: An alternative from appraisal models of stress. Comportamiento Organi-Zacional e Gestao, 4, 165–179.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilmore, L., Cuskelly, M., & Hayes, A. (2003). A comparative study of mastery motivation in young children with Down’s syndrome: Similar outcomes, different processes? Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 47(3), 181–190.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gomez-Baya, D., Tome, G., Reis, M., & de Matos, M. G. (2020). Long-term self-regulation moderates the role of internal resources for resilience in positive youth development in portugal. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 181(2–3), 127–149.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Han, W.-J., & Hart, J. (2022). Precarious parental employment, economic hardship, and parenting and child happiness amidst a pandemic. Children and Youth Services Review, 133, 106343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2021.106343

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hong, W., Liu, R. D., Ding, Y., Sheng, X., & Zhen, R. (2020). Mobile phone addiction and cognitive failures in daily life: the mediating roles of sleep duration and quality and the moderating role of trait self-regulation. Addictive Behaviors, 107, 106383.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hu, L.-T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cut-off criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ito, H., Kurita, H., & Shiiya, J. (1999). Burnout among direct-care staff members of facilities for persons with mental retardation in Japan. Mental Retardation, 37(6), 477–481.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kopp, C. B. (1982). Antecedents of self-regulation: A developmental perspective. Developmental Psychology, 18(2), 199–214. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.18.2.199

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuhn, J. C., & Carter, A. S. (2006). Maternal self-efficacy and associated parenting cognitions among mothers of children with autism. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76(4), 564–575.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lengua, L. J., & Long, A. C. (2002). The role of emotionality and self-regulation in the appraisal-coping process: Tests of direct and moderating effects. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 4, 471–493.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lengua, L. J., & Sandler, I. N. (1996). Self-regulation as a moderator of the relation between coping and symptomatology in children of divorce. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 24(6), 681–701.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lian, L., Guo, S., Wang, Q., Hu, L., Yang, X., & Li, X. (2021). Calling, character strengths, career identity, and job burnout in young Chinese university teachers: A chain-mediating model. Children and Youth Services Review, 120, 105776. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105776

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, J. J. W., Reed, M., & Girard, T. (2017). Advancing resilience: An integrative, multi-system model of resilience. Personality and Individual Differences, 111, 111–118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, N., Liu, S., Yu, N., Peng, Y., Wen, Y., Tang, J., & Kong, L. (2018). Correlations among psychological resilience, self-efficacy, and negative emotion in acute myocardial infarction patients after percutaneous coronary intervention. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, 1. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00001

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Luthar, S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 71, 543–562.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Marie, A., Clabaut, L., Corbeil, M., Vanlerberghe, C., Vincent-Delorme, C., & Le Driant, B. (2023). Parenting stress and needs for social support in mothers and fathers of deaf or hard of hearing children. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1229420. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1229420

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2(2), 99–113. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030020205

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1984). Burnout in organizational settings. In S. Oskamp (Ed.), Applied social psychology annual: Applications in organizational settings (Vol. 5, pp. 133–153). Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job burnout. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 397–422. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.397

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maslowsky, J., Jager, J., & Hemken, D. (2014). Estimating and interpreting latent variable interactions. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 39(1), 87–96.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Meadow-Orlans, K. P. (1995). Sources of stress for mothers and fathers of deaf and hard of hearing infants. American Annals of the Deaf, 140(4), 352–357. https://doi.org/10.1353/aad.2012.0392

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meinzen-Derr, J., Lim, L. H. Y., Choo, D. I., Buyniski, S., & Wiley, S. (2008). Pediatric hearing impairment caregiver experience: Impact of duration of hearing loss on parental stress. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 72(11), 1693–1703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2008.08.005

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Merrell, K. W., Felver-Gant, J. C., & Tom, K. M. (2010). Development and validation of a parent report measure for assessing social-emotional competencies of children and adolescents. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 20(4), 529–540.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Michael, L., Wehmeyer, D., Yeager, and Nancy, et al. (2003). The effects of self-regulation strategies on goal attainment for students with developmental disabilities in general education classrooms. Journal of Developmental & Physical Disabilities, 15(1), 79–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nader-Grosbois, N., & Lefèvre, N. (2011). Self-regulation and performance in problem-solving using physical materials or computers in children with intellectual disability. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 32(5), 1492–1505.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ning, H. K., & Downing, K. (2013). Influence of student learning experience on academic performance: The mediator and moderator effects of self-regulation and motivation. British Educational Research Journal, 38(2), 219–237.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nomaguchi, K., & Johnson, W. (2014). Parenting stress among low-income and working-class fathers. Journal of Family Issues, 37(11), 1535–1557. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513x14560642)

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pressley, M. (1995). More about the development of self-regulation: Complex, long-term, and thoroughly social. Educational Psychologist, 30(4), 207–212. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326985ep3004_6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prosser, D., Johnson, S., Kuipers, E., Szmukler, G., Bebbington, P., & Thornicroft, G. (1997). Perceived sources of work stress and satisfaction among hospital and community mental health staff, and their relation to mental health, burnout and job satisfaction. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 43(1), 51–59.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Qomi, H., & Salimi Bijestani, H. (2013). The effectiveness of resuscitation training on the stress of mothers with cancer children at Imam Khomeini Hospital (Tehran, Iran). Health Psychology, 1(4), 97–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Resnick, B. (2014). Resilience in older adults. Topics in Geriatric Rehabilitation, 30(3), 155–163. https://doi.org/10.1097/tgr.0000000000000024

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, G. E. (2002). The metatheory of resilience and resiliency. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(3), 307–321.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, G. E., Neiger, B. L., Jensen, S., & Kumpfer, K. L. (1990). The resiliency model. Health Education, 21(6), 33–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rimm-Kaufman, S. E., & Wanless, S. B. (2012). An ecological perspective for understanding the early development of self- regulatory skills, social skills and achievement. In R. C. Pianta (Ed.), Handbook of early childhood education (pp. 299–323). New York: The Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz, M., Pardo, A., & San, Martín R. (2010). Structural equation modeling. Papeles del Psicólogo, 31(1), 34–45. Available online at: https://www.psychologistpapers.com/English/1794.pdf

  • Samani, S., Jokar, B., & Sahragard, N. (2007). Effects of resilience on mental health and life satisfaction. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 13(3), 290–295.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sameroff, A. (2009). The transactional model of development: How children and contexts shape each other. Preprint. https://doi.org/10.1037/11877-000

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Sanders, J., Munford, R., Thimasarn-Anwar, T., Liebenberg, L., & Ungar, M. (2015). The role of positive youth development practices in building resilience and enhancing well-being for at-risk youth. Child Abuse Neglect, 42, 40–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schaufeli, W. B., & Leiter, M. P. (1996). Maslach burnout inventory-general survey. The Maslach burnout inventory-test Manual (pp. 19–26).

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheffers, F., Dronkert, L., & Mercera, G. (2021). From vulnerability to resilience: visualising strengths in people with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 65(8), 739.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seligman, M. E., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology. American Psychologist.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siman-Tov, A., & Kaniel, S. (2011). Stress and personal resource as predictors of the adjustment of parents to autistic children: A multivariate model. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41(7), 879–890.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tobing, L. E., & Glenwick, D. S. (2007). Predictors and moderators of psychological distress in mothers of children with pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Family Social Work, 10(4), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1300/J039v10n04_01

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Toker, S., & Biron, M. (2012). Job burnout and depression: Unraveling their temporal relationship and considering the role of physical activity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(3), 699–710.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Breda, A. D. (2001). Resilience theory: A literature review. Pretoria: South Africa: South African Military Health Service.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vohs, K., & Baumeister, R. (2004). Ego depletion, self-control, and choice. In J. Greenberg, S. L. Koole, & T. Pyszcynski (Eds.), Handbook of experimental existential psychology (pp. 398–410). Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wemer, E., & Smith, R. (1992). Overcoming the odds: High risk children from birth to adulthood. Ithaca. Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williamson, T. M., Campbell, T. S., Telfer, J. A., & Rash, J. A. (2017). Emotion self-regulation moderates the association between symptoms of ADHD and weight loss after bariatric surgery. Obesity Surgery,

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang, Z. (2021). Does procrastination always predict lower life satisfaction? A study on the moderation effect of self-regulation in China and the United Kingdom. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 690838.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, X. N., & Zhang, J. X. (2005). Resilience: the psychological mechanism for recovery and growth during stress. Advances in Psychological Science, 13(5), 658–665.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yu, X., & Zhang, J. (2007). Factor analysis and psychometric evaluation of the Connor-Davison Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) with Chinese people. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 35(1), 19–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, C., Li, W., Liang, Q., Liu, X., Zhang, W., Lu, H., Dou, K., Xie, X., & Gan, X. (2019). School climate, loneliness, and problematic online game use among Chinese adolescents: The moderating effect of intentional self-regulation. Frontiers in Public Health, 7, 90.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zelazo, P. D., Blair, C. B., & Willoughby, M. T. (2016). Executive function: Implications for education (NCER 2017-2000). National Center for Education Research.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This study was supported by Shandong Province Taishan Scholar Project Special Fund (No: tsqn202306071).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Sanyin Cheng and Xuxu Li. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Sanyin Cheng and Xuxu Li, with all authors commenting on previous manuscript versions. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Xuxu Li.

Ethics declarations

We confirm that this work is original and has not been published elsewhere, nor is it currently under consideration for publication elsewhere.

Conflict of Interest

The authors report no conflicts of interest. This study was supported by Shandong Province Taishan Scholar Project Special Fund (No: tsqn202306071) and Autism Research Special Fund of Zhejiang Foundation For Disabled Persons [No. 11090013552301].

Ethical Approval

Approved by the Ethics Committee of Shandong University. The procedure used in this study is consistent with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration.

Informed Consent

Participants in this survey uploaded an informed consent form stating that participation was voluntary.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Cheng, S., Li, X. Career Burnout in Parents of Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Children: Do Self-Regulation and Resilience Matter?. J Dev Phys Disabil 36, 903–919 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-024-09950-y

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-024-09950-y

Keywords

Navigation