Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Children with “Dyspraxia”: A Survey of Diagnostic Heterogeneity, Use and Perceived Effectiveness of Interventions

  • ORIGINAL ARTICLE
  • Published:
Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A survey was distributed to parents at a conference organized by a dyspraxia support group, and mailed twice to the members with the support group’s newsletters. Of 118 respondents, 84% reported that their children were diagnosed with dyspraxia, whereas 25% stated that their children’s diagnosis was developmental coordination disorder. All respondents were using food supplements. Moreover, 69% of respondents sent their children to unconventional education or therapy, and 57% provided their children with some form of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). In terms of perceived effectiveness of interventions, about half of the parents (53%) reported improvement of physical skills and attributed such progress to standard intervention in the mainstream health care and education systems in New Zealand. Despite popular use, effectiveness of unconventional education, therapy, or CAM was rarely considered. These findings have important implications for parents, health and educational service providers, policy makers, and funding bodies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (Revised (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association (2010). DSM-5 Development. Retrieved April 10, 2011, from http://www.dsm5.org.

  • Bull, L. (2009). Survey of complementary and alternative therapies used by children with specific learning difficulties (dyslexia). International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 44, 224–235.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chan, J. J., & Chan, J. E. (2000). Medicine for the millennium: the challenge of postmodernism. The Medical Journal of Australia, 172, 332–334.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chan, E., Rappaport, L. A., & Kemper, K. J. (2003). Complementary and alternative therapies in childhood attention and hyperactivity problems. Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 24(1), 4–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cummins, R. A. (1991). Sensory integration and learning disabilities: Ayres’ factor analyses reappraised. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 24, 160–168.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, P. K., & Rehfeldt, R. A. (2007). Functional skills training for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities. In J. W. Jacobson, J. A. Mulick, & J. Rojahn (Eds.), Handbook of intellectual and developmental disabilities (pp. 581–599). New York: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Dewey, D. (1995). What is developmental dyspraxia? Brain and Cognition, 29(3), 254–274.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ernst, E. (2003). Serious adverse effects of unconventional therapies for children and adolescents: a systematic review of recent evidence. European Journal of Pediatrics, 162, 72–80.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • First, M. B. (2005). Mutually exclusive versus co-occurring diagnostic categories: the challenge of diagnostic comorbidity. Psychopathology, 38, 206–210.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Furnham, A., & Lovett, J. (2001). Predicting the use of complementary medicine: a test of the theories of reasoned action and planned behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 31, 2588–2620.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Golden, G. S. (1984). Controversial therapies. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 31(2), 459–469.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gottlieb, M. I. (1989). Attention deficit disorders, hyperkinesis, and learning disabilities: Controversial therapies. In S. H. J. H. French & P. Casaer (Eds.), Child neurology and developmental disabilities (pp. 251–263). Baltimore: Paul H Brookes.

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, V. A., Pituch, K. A., Itchon, J., Choi, A., O’Reilly, M., & Sigafoos, J. (2005). Internet survey of treatments used by parents of children with autism. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 27, 70–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hands, B., & Larkin, D. (2001). Developmental coordination disorder: a discrete disability. New Zealand Journal of Disability Studies, 9, 93–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanson, E., Kalish, L. A., Bunce, E., Curtis, C., McDaniel, S., Ware, J., et al. (2007). Use of complementary and alternative medicine among children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37, 628–636.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, S. E., Knight, E., Losse, A., & Jongmans, M. (1991). The clumsy child in school: are we doing enough? British Journal of Physical Education, 9, 2–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, S. E., Sugden, D. A., & Barnett, A. L. (2007). Movement assessment battery for children-2. London: Harcourt Assessment.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, E. L. (1998). A dyspraxic deficit in specific language impairment and developmental coordination disorder? Evidence from hand and arm movements. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 40, 388–395.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, B., Polatajko, H., Wilson, B., & Faris, P. (1993). Reexamination of sensory integration treatment: a combination of two efficacy studies. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 26, 342–347.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kavale, K., & Mattson, P. D. (1983). One jumped off the balance beam: meta-analysis of perceptual-motor training. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 16, 165–173.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liptak, G., Orlando, M., Yingling, J. T., Theurer-Kaufman, K. L., Malay, D. P., Thompkins, L. A., et al. (2006). Satisfaction with primary health care received by families of children with developmental disabilities. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 20(4), 245–252.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miyahara, M. (2001). Narrative representations of moderate physical disabilities in the Specialist Education Services in New Zealand: the process and the problems of the service delivery. New Zealand Journal of Disability Studies, 9, 80–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miyahara, M., & Möbs, I. (1995). Developmental dyspraxia and developmental coordination disorder. Neuropsychology Review, 5(4), 245–268.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miyahara, M., & Register, C. (2000). Perceptions of three terms to describe physical awkwardness in children. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 21(5), 367–376.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miyahara, M., Leeder, T., Francis, G., & Inghelbrecht, A. (2008). Does an instruction of a verbal labeling strategy for hand movements improve general motor coordination as well as the Gestural Performance?: a test of the relationship between developmental coordination disorder and dyspraxia. Clinical Case Studies, 7, 191–207.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miyahara, M., Piek, J., & Barrett, N. (2008). Effect of postural instability on drawing errors in children: a synchronized kinematic analysis of hand drawing and body motion. Human Movement Science, 27, 705–713.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miyahara, M., Yamaguchi, M., & Green, C. (2008). A review of 326 children with developmental and physical disabilities, consecutively taught at the movement development clinic: prevalence and intervention outcomes of children with DCD. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 20(4), 353–363.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Orton, S. (1925). “Word-blindness” in school children. Archives of Neurology, 14, 582–615.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peters, J. M., Barnett, A. L., & Henderson, S. E. (2001). Clumsiness, dyspraxia and developmental co-ordination disorder: how do health and educational professionals in the UK define the terms? Child: Care, Health and Development, 27(5), 399–412.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Polatajko, H., Law, M., Miller, J., Schaffer, R., & Macnab, J. (1991). The effect of a sensory integration program on academic achievement, motor performance, and self-esteem in children identified as learning disabled: results of a clinical trial. Occupational Therapy Journal of Research, 11, 155–176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quinn, F., Baxter, G. D., & Hughes, C. M. (2008). Complementary therapies in the management of low back pain: a survey of reflexologists. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 16, 9–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenbaum, P. (2003). Controversial treatment of spasticity: exploring alternative therapies for motor function in children with cerebral palsy. Journal of Child Neurology, 18(Suppl. 1), S89–S94.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, T., Mruzek, D. W., & Mozingo, D. (2005). Sensory integrative therapy. In J. W. Jacobson, R. M. Foxx, & J. A. Mulick (Eds.), Controversial therapies for developmental disabilities: Fad, fashion, and science in professional practice (pp. 331–350). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sugden, D. A., & Dunford, C. (2007). Intervention and the role of theory, empiricism and experience in children with motor impairment. Disability and Rehabilitation, 29(1), 3–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sweeney, C. (Ed.). (2007). Good inclusive practice for children with dyspraxia/DCD in Irish primary schools. Dublin: Dyspraxia Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vos, R., Houtepen, R., & Horstman, K. (2002). Evidence-based medicine and power shifts in health systems. Health Care Analysis, 10, 319–328.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weber, W., Stoep, A. V., McCarty, R. L., Weiss, N. S., Biederman, J., & McClellan, J. (2008). Hypericum perforatum (St John’s Wort) for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 299(22), 2633–2641.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, K., Dowson, C., & Mangin, D. (2007). Prevalence of complementary and alternative medicine use in Christchurch, New Zealand: children attending general practice versus paediatric outpatients. The New Zealand Medical Journal, 120(1251), U2464.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wolraich, M. L. (1997). Addressing behavior problems among school-aged children: traditional and controversial approaches. Pediatrics in Review, 18(8), 266–270.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We thank the Dyspraxia Support group of New Zealand for contributing to this study, and gratefully acknowledge the support of Ms. Brigid Ryan through the Centre for Physiotherapy Research, School of Physiotherapy, Ms. Kate Heveldt through Movement Development Clinic, School of Physical Education in assisting with the survey and in proofing the paper, and Dr. Juan García at the Child, Adolescence, and Family Service for pharmacological information.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Motohide Miyahara.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Miyahara, M., Baxter, G.D. Children with “Dyspraxia”: A Survey of Diagnostic Heterogeneity, Use and Perceived Effectiveness of Interventions. J Dev Phys Disabil 23, 439–458 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-011-9239-z

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-011-9239-z

Keywords

Navigation