Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Diabetes Care and Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Perspectives of Adolescents with Diabetes, Parents, and Providers

  • Published:
Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study explored ways in which the COVID-19 pandemic impacted adolescents’ diabetes management and psychosocial functioning, and how adolescents, parents, and providers viewed telemedicine. We present data from three studies: (1) a comparison of psychosocial functioning and glycemic levels before and after pandemic onset (n = 120 adolescents; 89% with type 1 diabetes), (2) an online survey of parents about pandemic-related stressors (n = 141), and (3) qualitative interviews with adolescents, parents, and medical providers about the pandemic’s impacts on adolescents’ diabetes care and mental health (n = 13 parent–adolescent dyads; 7 medical providers). Results suggested some adverse effects, including disrupting routines related to health behaviors and psychosocial functioning and impairing adolescents’ quality of life. Despite these challenges, most participants did not endorse significant impacts. Some even noted benefits, such as increased parental supervision of diabetes management that can be leveraged beyond the pandemic. Furthermore, telemedicine offers benefits to continuity of diabetes care but presents challenges to care quality. These findings underscore the varied and unique impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on adolescents with diabetes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Data and Materials Availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Code Availability

The code used for analysis is available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

References

  • Annis, A. M., Caulder, M. S., Cook, M. L., & Duquette, D. (2005). Family history, diabetes, and other demographic and risk factors among participants of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2002. Preventing Chronic Disease, 2, A19.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Athay, M. M., Kelley, S. D., & Dew-Reeves, S. E. (2012). Brief Multidimensional Students’ Life Satisfaction Scale—PTPB Version (BMSLSS-PTPB): Psychometric properties and relationship with mental health symptom severity over time. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 39, 30–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-011-0385-5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bassi, G., Mancinelli, E., Dell’Arciprete, G., & Salcuni, S. (2022). The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the well-being and diabetes management of adolescents with type 1 diabetes and their caregivers: A scoping review. Frontiers in Clinical Diabetes and Healthcare, 3, 835598. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcdhc.2022.835598

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Berg, C. A., Butler, J. M., Osborn, P., King, G., Palmer, D. L., Butner, J., Murray, M., Lindsay, R., Donaldson, D., Foster, C., Swinyard, M., & Wiebe, D. J. (2008). Role of parental monitoring in understanding the benefits of parental acceptance on adolescent adherence and metabolic control of type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 31, 678–683. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc07-1678

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bergenstal, R. M., Beck, R. W., Close, K. L., Grunberger, G., Sacks, D. B., Kowalski, A., Brown, A. S., Heinemann, L., Aleppo, G., Ryan, D. B., Riddlesworth, T. D., & Cefalu, W. T. (2018). Glucose Management Indicator (GMI): A new term for estimating A1C from continuous glucose monitoring. Diabetes Care, 41, 2275–2280. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc18-1581

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Berman, A. C., & Chutka, D. S. (2016). Assessing effective physician-patient communication skills: “Are you listening to me, doc?” Korean Journal of Medical Education, 28, 243–249. https://doi.org/10.3946/kjme.2016.21

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, C. M., Stockwell, M. S., Gallagher, M. P., Rosenthal, S. L., & Soren, K. (2013). Mental health issues in adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes: Prevalence and impact on glycemic control. Clinical Pediatrics, 52, 10–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/0009922812459950

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blackwell, C. K., Mansolf, M., Sherlock, P., Ganiban, J., Hofheimer, J. A., Barone, C. J., Bekelman, T. A., Blair, C., Cella, D., Collazo, S., Croen, L. A., Deoni, S., Elliott, A. J., Ferrara, A., Fry, R. C., Gershon, R., Herbstman, J. B., Karagas, M. R., LeWinn, K. Z., … Wright, R. J. (2022). Youth well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. Pediatrics, 149, e2021054754. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2021-054754

  • Brener, A., Mazor-Aronovitch, K., Rachmiel, M., Levek, N., Barash, G., Pinhas-Hamiel, O., Lebenthal, Y., & Landau, Z. (2020). Lessons learned from the continuous glucose monitoring metrics in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes under COVID-19 lockdown. Acta Diabetologica, 57, 1511–1517. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00592-020-01596-4

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Brodar, K. E., Davis, E. M., Lynn, C., Starr-Glass, L., Lui, J. H. L., Sanchez, J., & Delamater, A. M. (2021). Comprehensive psychosocial screening in a pediatric diabetes clinic. Pediatric Diabetes, 22, 656–666. https://doi.org/10.1111/pedi.13193

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brodar, K. E., Leite, R. O., Marchetti, D., Jaramillo, M., Davis, E., Sanchez, J., Delamater, A. M., Saab, P. G., & La Greca, A. M. (2022a). Psychological screening and consultation in a pediatric diabetes clinic: Medical providers’ perspectives. Clinical Practice in Pediatric Psychology, 10(2), 164–179. https://doi.org/10.1037/cpp0000430

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brodar, K. E., Leite, R. O., Jaramillo, M., Marchetti, D., Davis, E., Sanchez, J., Saab, P. G., Delamater, A. M., & La Greca, A. M. (2022b). Psychosocial screening in a pediatric diabetes clinic: Adolescents’ and mothers’ perspectives. Pediatric Diabetes, 23(7), 1101–1112. https://doi.org/10.1111/pedi.13385

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buggs-Saxton, C. (2021). Care of pediatric patients with diabetes during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 68, 1093–1101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2021.05.014

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bull, T. P., Dewar, A. R., Malvey, D. M., & Szalma, J. L. (2016). Considerations for the telehealth systems of tomorrow: An analysis of student perceptions of telehealth technologies. JMIR Medical Education, 2, e11. https://doi.org/10.2196/mededu.5392

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cardona-Hernandez, R., Cherubini, V., Iafusco, D., Schiaffini, R., Luo, X., & Maahs, D. M. (2021). Children and youth with diabetes are not at increased risk for hospitalization due to COVID-19. Pediatric Diabetes, 22, 202–206. https://doi.org/10.1111/pedi.13158

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carino, M., Quill, Z., Gabbs, M., Sellers, E., Hamilton, J., Pinto, T., Jetha, M., Ho, J., Alecio, O. G., Dart, A., & Wicklow, B. (2022). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on adolescents and young adults living with type 2 diabetes. Canadian Journal of Diabetes, 46, 404–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjd.2022.01.002

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cauberghe, V., Van Wesenbeeck, I., De Jans, S., Hudders, L., & Ponnet, K. (2021). How adolescents use social media to cope with feelings of loneliness and anxiety during COVID-19 lockdown. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 24, 250–257.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chao, A. M., Minges, K. E., Park, C., Dumser, S., Murphy, K. M., Grey, M., & Whittemore, R. (2016). General life and diabetes-related stressors in early adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 30, 133–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedhc.2015.06.005

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Choudhary, A., Adhikari, S., & White, P. C. (2022). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on management of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. BMC Pediatrics, 22, 124. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-022-03189-2

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, K., Hards, E., Moltrecht, B., Reynolds, S., Shum, A., McElroy, E., & Loades, M. (2021). Loneliness, social relationships, and mental health in adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Affective Disorders, 289, 98–104.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Crossen, S. S., Bruggeman, B. S., Haller, M. J., & Raymond, J. K. (2022). Challenges and opportunities in using telehealth for diabetes care. Diabetes Spectrum, 35, 33–42. https://doi.org/10.2337/dsi21-0018

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Crossen, S., Raymond, J., & Neinstein, A. (2020). Top 10 tips for successfully implementing a diabetes telehealth program. Diabetes Technology and Therapeutics, 22, 920–928. https://doi.org/10.1089/dia.2020.0042

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cusinato, M., Martino, M., Sartori, A., Gabrielli, C., Tassara, L., Debertolis, G., Righetto, E., & Moretti, C. (2021). Anxiety, depression, and glycemic control during Covid-19 pandemic in youths with type 1 diabetes. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, 34, 1089–1093. https://doi.org/10.1515/jpem-2021-0153

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Guzman, K. R., Snoswell, C. L., Taylor, M. L., Senanayake, B., Haydon, H. M., Batch, J. A., Smith, A. C., & Caffery, L. J. (2020). A systematic review of pediatric telediabetes service models. Diabetes Technology and Therapeutics, 22, 623–638. https://doi.org/10.1089/dia.2019.0489

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Delamater, A. M., Daigre, A. L., Marchante, A. N., Pulgarón, E. R., Patiño-Fernandez, A. M., & Sanchez, J. (2017). Intrinsic motivation in ethnic minority youth with type 1 diabetes. Children’s Health Care, 46, 215–229. https://doi.org/10.1080/02739615.2015.1124777

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Delamater, A. M., de Wit, M., McDarby, V., Malik, J. A., Hilliard, M. E., Northam, E., & Acerini, C. L. (2018). ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2018: Psychological care of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Pediatric Diabetes, 19, 237–249. https://doi.org/10.1111/pedi.12736

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Delamater, A. M., Patiño-Fernández, A. M., Smith, K. E., & Bubb, J. (2013). Measurement of diabetes stress in older children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus: Diabetes stress. Pediatric Diabetes, 14, 50–56. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-5448.2012.00894.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, L., Thomas, C., Gregory, A., Yardley, L., O’Cathain, A., Montgomery, A. A., & Salisbury, C. (2014). Are people with chronic diseases interested in using telehealth? A cross-sectional postal survey. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 16, e123. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.3257

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Elbarbary, N. S., dos Santos, T. J., de Beaufort, C., Agwu, J. C., Calliari, L. E., & Scaramuzza, A. E. (2020). COVID-19 outbreak and pediatric diabetes: Perceptions of health care professionals worldwide. Pediatric Diabetes, 21, 1083–1092. https://doi.org/10.1111/pedi.13084

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, D. A., Podolski, C.-L., Frey, M., Naar-King, S., Wang, B., & Moltz, K. (2007). The role of parental monitoring in adolescent health outcomes: Impact on regimen adherence in youth with type 1 diabetes. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 32, 907–917. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsm009

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fang, M., Wang, D., Rooney, M. R., Echouffo-Tcheugui, J. B., Coresh, J., Aurora, R. N., Punjabi, N. M., & Selvin, E. (2023). Performance of the Glucose Management Indicator (GMI) in type 2 diabetes. Clinical Chemistry, 69, 422–428. https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/hvac210

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Farrar, D. S., Drouin, O., Moore Hepburn, C., Baerg, K., Chan, K., Cyr, C., Donner, E. J., Embree, J. E., Farrell, C., Forgie, S., Giroux, R., Kang, K. T., King, M., Laffin Thibodeau, M., Orkin, J., Ouldali, N., Papenburg, J., Pound, C. M., Price, V. E., … Morris, S. K. (2022). Risk factors for severe COVID-19 in hospitalized children in Canada: A national prospective study from March 2020–May 2021. The Lancet Regional Health—Americas, 15, 100337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lana.2022.100337

  • Fergusson, D. M., McLeod, G. F., Horwood, L. J., Swain, N. R., Chapple, S., & Poulton, R. (2015). Life satisfaction and mental health problems (18 to 35 years). Psychological Medicine, 45, 2427–2436. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715000422

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fogel, J. L., & Raymond, J. K. (2020). Implementing telehealth in pediatric type 1 diabetes mellitus. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 67, 661–664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2020.04.009

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fung, A., Irvine, M., Ayub, A., Ziabakhsh, S., Amed, S., & Hursh, B. E. (2020). Evaluation of telephone and virtual visits for routine pediatric diabetes care during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Clinical and Translational Endocrinology, 22, 100238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcte.2020.100238

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gajarawala, S. N., & Pelkowski, J. N. (2021). Telehealth benefits and barriers. The Journal for Nurse Practitioners, 17, 218–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nurpra.2020.09.013

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gigli, K. H., & Graaf, G. (2023). Changes in utilization and access to care for children and youth with special health care needs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 37, 185–192.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gomez, T., Anaya, Y. B., Shih, K. J., & Tarn, D. M. (2021). A qualitative study of primary care physicians’ experiences with telemedicine during COVID-19. The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine, 34, S61–S70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guo, W., Li, M., Dong, Y., Zhou, H., Zhang, Z., Tian, C., Qin, R., Wang, H., Shen, Y., Du, K., Zhao, L., Fan, H., Luo, S., & Hu, D. (2020). Diabetes is a risk factor for the progression and prognosis of COVID-19. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews, 36, e3319. https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.3319

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hilliard, M. E., Holmes, C. S., Chen, R., Maher, K., Robinson, E., & Streisand, R. (2013). Disentangling the roles of parental monitoring and family conflict in adolescents’ management of type 1 diabetes. Health Psychology, 32, 388–396. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027811

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hillis, S. D., Blenkinsop, A., Villaveces, A., Annor, F. B., Liburd, L., Massetti, G. M., Demissie, Z., Mercy, J. A., Nelson, C. A., III., Cluver, L., Flaxman, S., Sherr, L., Donnelly, C. A., Ratmann, O., & Unwin, H. J. T. (2021). COVID-19–associated orphanhood and caregiver death in the United States. Pediatrics, 148, e2021053760. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2021-053760

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holtz, B., Mitchell, K. M., Holmstrom, A. J., Cotten, S. R., Dunneback, J. K., Jimenez-Vega, J., Ellis, D. A., & Wood, M. A. (2021). An mHealth-based intervention for adolescents with type 1 diabetes and their parents: Pilot feasibility and efficacy single-arm study. JMIR MHealth and UHealth, 9, e23916. https://doi.org/10.2196/23916

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hood, K. K., Butler, D. A., Anderson, B. J., & Laffel, L. M. B. (2007). Updated and revised Diabetes Family Conflict Scale. Diabetes Care, 30, 1764–1769. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc06-2358

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hood, K. K., Butler, D. A., Volkening, L. K., Anderson, B. J., & Laffel, L. M. B. (2004). The blood glucose monitoring communication questionnaire. Diabetes Care, 27, 2610–2615. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.27.11.2610

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jaser, S. S. (2010). Psychological problems in adolescents with diabetes. Adolescent Medicine: State of the Art Reviews, 21, 138–151, x–xi.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joensen, L. E., Madsen, K. P., Holm, L., Nielsen, K. A., Rod, M. H., Petersen, A. A., Rod, N. H., & Willaing, I. (2020). Diabetes and COVID-19: Psychosocial consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic in people with diabetes in Denmark—What characterizes people with high levels of COVID-19-related worries? Diabetic Medicine, 37, 1146–1154. https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.14319

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, J. G., Harris, E. S., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2002). The patient health questionnaire for adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 30, 196–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1054-139X(01)00333-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kamrath, C., Mönkemöller, K., Biester, T., Rohrer, T. R., Warncke, K., Hammersen, J., & Holl, R. W. (2020). Ketoacidosis in children and adolescents with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. JAMA, 324, 801–804. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.13445

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, K., Ghorbanzadeh, M., Horner, M. W., & Ozguven, E. E. (2021). Identifying areas of potential critical healthcare shortages: A case study of spatial accessibility to ICU beds during the COVID-19 pandemic in Florida. Transport Policy, 110, 478–486.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kompaniyets, L., Agathis, N. T., Nelson, J. M., Preston, L. E., Ko, J. Y., Belay, B., Pennington, A. F., Danielson, M. L., DeSisto, C. L., Chevinsky, J. R., Schieber, L. Z., Yusuf, H., Baggs, J., Mac Kenzie, W. R., Wong, K. K., Boehmer, T. K., Gundlapalli, A. V., & Goodman, A. B. (2021). Underlying medical conditions associated with severe COVID-19 illness among children. JAMA Network Open, 4, e2111182. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.11182

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Korte, C., Friedberg, R. D., Wilgenbusch, T., Paternostro, J. K., Brown, K., Kakolu, A., Tiller-Ormord, J., Baweja, R., Cassar, M., Barnowski, A., Movahedi, Y., Kohl, K., Martinez, W., Trafalis, S., & Leykin, Y. (2022). Intolerance of uncertainty and health-related anxiety in youth amid the COVID-19 pandemic: Understanding and weathering the continuing storm. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 29, 645–653. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10880-021-09816-x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laub, N., Agarwal, A. K., Shi, C., Sjamsu, A., & Chaiyachati, K. (2022). Delivering urgent care using telemedicine: Insights from experienced clinicians at academic medical centers. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 37, 707–713.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Magson, N. R., Freeman, J., Rapee, R. M., Richardson, C. E., Oar, E. L., & Fardouly, J. (2021). Risk and protective factors for prospective changes in adolescent mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 50, 44–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-020-01332-9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • March, C. A., Siminerio, L. M., Muzumdar, R. H., & Libman, I. M. (2021). Implications of the school day on health behaviors for children with type 1 diabetes: A survey of parent perspectives during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Science of Diabetes Self-Management and Care, 47, 447–456. https://doi.org/10.1177/26350106211051298

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nearchou, F., Flinn, C., Niland, R., Subramaniam, S. S., & Hennessy, E. (2020). Exploring the impact of COVID-19 on mental health outcomes in children and adolescents: A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, 8479. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228479

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nemetz, E. T. A., Urbach, D. R., & Devon, K. M. (2020). The art of surgery: Balancing compassionate with virtual care. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22, e22417. https://doi.org/10.2196/22417

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Neumark-Sztainer, D. R., Wall, M. M., Haines, J. I., Story, M. T., Sherwood, N. E., & van den Berg, P. A. (2007). Shared risk and protective factors for overweight and disordered eating in adolescents. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 33, 359–369.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2007.07.031

  • O’Sullivan, K., Clark, S., McGrane, A., Rock, N., Burke, L., Boyle, N., Joksimovic, N., & Marshall, K. (2021). A qualitative study of child and adolescent mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ireland. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18, 1062.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pierce, J. S., Gurnurkar, S., Vyas, N., Carakushansky, M., Owens, L., & Patton, S. R. (2021). Feasibility of implementing a pediatric diabetes clinic via telehealth. Diabetes Spectrum, 34, 190–197. https://doi.org/10.2337/ds20-0060

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pujante Alarcón, P., Alonso Felgueroso, C., Ares Blanco, J., Morales Sánchez, P., Lambert Goitia, C., Rodríguez Escobedo, R., Rodríguez Rodero, S., Delgado Alvarez, E., & Menéndez Torre, E. L. (2022). Correlation between glucose measurement parameters of continuous flash monitoring and HbA1c. Real life experience in Asturias. Endocrinología, Diabetes y Nutrición (English Ed.), 69, 493–499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.endien.2022.08.001

  • Ravens-Sieberer, U., Kaman, A., Erhart, M., Devine, J., Schlack, R., & Otto, C. (2022). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on quality of life and mental health in children and adolescents in Germany. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 879–889. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-021-01726-5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ruissen, M. M., Regeer, H., Landstra, C. P., Schroijen, M., Jazet, I., Nijhoff, M. F., Pijl, H., Ballieux, B. E. P. B., Dekkers, O., Huisman, S. D., & de Koning, E. J. P. (2021). Increased stress, weight gain and less exercise in relation to glycemic control in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMJ Open Diabetes Research and Care, 9, e002035. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-002035

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schiller, T., Zornitzki, T., Ostrovsky, V., Sapojnik, D., Cohen, L., Kunyavski, T., Knobler, H., & Kirzhner, A. (2021). Following the COVID-19 experience, many patients with type 1 diabetes wish to use telemedicine in a hybrid format. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18, 11309. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111309

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Schuster, J. E., & de St Maurice, A. (2021). COVID-19 in children-not just little adults. JAMA Network Open, 4(6), e2111441. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.11441

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, S. N., Fontana, F. Y., Züger, T., Laimer, M., & Stettler, C. (2021). Use and perception of telemedicine in people with type 1 diabetes during the COVID-19 pandemic—Results of a global survey. Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, 4, e00180. https://doi.org/10.1002/edm2.180

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Serlachius, A., Badawy, S. M., & Thabrew, H. (2020). Psychosocial challenges and opportunities for youth with chronic health conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic. JMIR Pediatrics and Parenting, 3, e23057. https://doi.org/10.2196/23057

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma, P., Behl, T., Sharma, N., Singh, S., Grewal, A. S., Albarrati, A., Albratty, M., Meraya, A. M., & Bungau, S. (2022). COVID-19 and diabetes: Association intensify risk factors for morbidity and mortality. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy, 151, 113089. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113089

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, S., Roy, D., Sinha, K., Parveen, S., Sharma, G., & Joshi, G. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 and lockdown on mental health of children and adolescents: A narrative review with recommendations. Psychiatry Research, 293, 113429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113429

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, S. J., Smith, A. B., Kennett, W., & Vinod, S. K. (2022). Exploring cancer patients’, caregivers’, and clinicians’ utilisation and experiences of telehealth services during COVID-19: A qualitative study. Patient Education and Counseling, 105, 3134–3142.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: The GAD-7. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166, 1092. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Telo, G. H., Cureau, F. V., Lopes, C. S., & Schaan, B. D. (2018). Common mental disorders in adolescents with and without type 1 diabetes: Reported occurrence from a countrywide survey. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 135, 192–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2017.10.027

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Temple, J. R., Baumler, E., Wood, L., Guillot-Wright, S., Torres, E., & Thiel, M. (2022). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on adolescent mental health and substance use. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 71, 277–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.05.025

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Theofilou, P., & Vlastos, D. D. (2023). The psychological burden of families with diabetic children: A literature review focusing on quality of life and stress. Children, 10, 937. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10060937

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tilden, D. R., Datye, K. A., Moore, D. J., French, B., & Jaser, S. S. (2021). The rapid transition to telemedicine and its effect on access to care for patients with type 1 diabetes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Diabetes Care, 44, 1447–1450.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tornese, G., Ceconi, V., Monasta, L., Carletti, C., Faleschini, E., & Barbi, E. (2020). Glycemic control in type 1 diabetes mellitus during COVID-19 quarantine and the role of in-home physical activity. Diabetes Technology and Therapeutics, 22, 462–467. https://doi.org/10.1089/dia.2020.0169

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Troncone, A., Chianese, A., Zanfardino, A., Cascella, C., Piscopo, A., Borriello, A., Rollato, S., Casaburo, F., Testa, V., & Iafusco, D. (2020). Disordered eating behaviors in youths with type 1 diabetes during COVID-19 lockdown: An exploratory study. Journal of Eating Disorders, 8, 76. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-020-00353-w

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tsiouli, E., Alexopoulos, E. C., Stefanaki, C., Darviri, C., & Chrousos, G. P. (2013). Effects of diabetes-related family stress on glycemic control in young patients with type 1 diabetes: Systematic review. Canadian Family Physician Medecin De Famille Canadien, 59, 143–149.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Valenzuela, J. M., Dimentstein, K., Yee, S., Pan, B., Snyder, M. C., & Wolf, R. M. (2023). Psychosocial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in racially/ethnically diverse youth with diabetes. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 48, 17–28. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsac070

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van der Laan, S. E., Finkenauer, C., Lenters, V. C., Van Harmelen, A. L., van der Ent, C. K., & Nijhof, S. L. (2021). Gender-specific changes in life satisfaction after the COVID-19–related lockdown in Dutch adolescents: A longitudinal study. Journal of Adolescent Health, 69, 737–745.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verma, A., Rajput, R., Verma, S., Balania, V. K. B., & Jangra, B. (2020). Impact of lockdown in COVID 19 on glycemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research and Reviews, 14, 1213–1216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.07.016

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, H., Guo, J., Guo, Y., Lv, W., Jiang, Y., & Whittemore, R. (2021). Effectiveness of family systems theory interventions on adolescents with type 1 diabetes: A meta-analysis. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 30, 2664–2676. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-021-02069-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wittenberg, E., Goldsmith, J. V., Chen, C., Prince-Paul, M., & Johnson, R. R. (2021). Opportunities to improve COVID-19 provider communication resources: A systematic review. Patient Education and Counseling, 104, 438–451.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wysocki, T., Buckloh, L. M., Antal, H., Lochrie, A., & Taylor, A. (2012). Validation of a self-report version of the diabetes self-management profile. Pediatric Diabetes, 13, 438–443. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-5448.2011.00823.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zaharieva, D. P., Addala, A., Prahalad, P., Leverenz, B., Arrizon-Ruiz, N., Ding, V. Y., Desai, M., Karger, A. B., & Maahs, D. M. (2022). An evaluation of point-of-care HbA1c, HbA1c home kits, and Glucose Management Indicator: Potential solutions for telehealth glycemic assessments. Diabetology, 3, 494–501. https://doi.org/10.3390/diabetology3030037

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zeiler, M., Wittek, T., Graf, T., Bozic, I., Nitsch, M., Waldherr, K., Karwautz, A., Wagner, G., & Berger, G. (2022). Psychosocial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic for adolescents with type-1-diabetes: A qualitative interview study involving adolescents and parents. Behavioral Medicine, 49, 412–422.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would also like to thank Alyssa Francis for her assistance with the literature review.

Funding

Funding for this study was provided by the University of Miami Department of Psychology Flipse Funds.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, University of Miami, 5665 Ponce de Leon Blvd., Flipse Building 420, Coral Gables, FL, 33136, USA

    Rafael O. Leite, Patrice G. Saab, Manuela Jaramillo & Annette M. La Greca

  2. Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA

    Kaitlyn E. Brodar

  3. Psychology Service, Bruce W. Carter Medical Center, Miami VA Healthcare System, Miami, FL, USA

    Daniella Marchetti

  4. Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA

    Janine Sanchez, Eileen Davis & Alan M. Delamater

Authors
  1. Rafael O. Leite
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kaitlyn E. Brodar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Patrice G. Saab
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Daniella Marchetti
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Manuela Jaramillo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Janine Sanchez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Eileen Davis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Alan M. Delamater
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Annette M. La Greca
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

AMD, ED, and JS designed the screening program. KEB, AMLG, and PGS drafted the interview guide. ED, JS, and AMD provided feedback on the interview guide and helped with recruitment. KEB and ROL conducted the interviews. ROL, MJ, DM, and KEB developed the codebook, coded the interview transcripts, extracted key themes, and collaboratively discussed qualitative results. KEB and ROL conducted quantitative analyses. ROL and KEB drafted the manuscript and all authors provided feedback.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rafael O. Leite.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

Authors Rafael O. Leite, Kaitlyn Brodar, Patrice Saab, Daniella Marchetti, Manuela Jaramillo, Janine Sanchez, Eileen Davis, Alan M. Delamater, and Annette M. La Greca have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

Ethics Approval

This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board and ethics committee of the University of Miami. The procedures used in this study adhere to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.

Consent to Participate

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Consent for Publication

All participants provided informed consent for their data to be published.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Leite, R.O., Brodar, K.E., Saab, P.G. et al. Diabetes Care and Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Perspectives of Adolescents with Diabetes, Parents, and Providers. J Clin Psychol Med Settings (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10880-023-09995-9

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10880-023-09995-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation