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Evaluation of patient state index, bispectral index, and entropy during drug induced sleep endoscopy with dexmedetomidine

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Abstract

Multiple electroencephalographic (EEG) monitors and their associated EEG markers have been developed to aid in assessing the level of sedation in the operating room. While many studies have assessed the response of these markers to propofol sedation and anesthetic gases, few studies have compared these markers when using dexmedetomidine, an alpha-2 agonist. Fifty-one patients underwent drug induced sleep endoscopy with dexmedetomidine sedation. Continuous EEG was captured using SedLine (Masimo, Inc), and a playback system was used to extract the bispectral index (BIS) (Medtronic Inc), the patient state index (PSI) (Masimo, Inc), the state and response Entropy (GE Healthcare), and calculate the spectral edge frequency 95% (SEF95). Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS) scores were assessed continually throughout the procedure and in recovery. We assessed the correlation between EEG markers and constructed ordinal logistic regression models to predict the RASS score and compare EEG markers. All three commercial EEG metrics were significantly associated with the RASS score (p < 0.001 for all metrics) whereas SEF95 alone was insufficient at characterizing dexmedetomidine sedation. PSI and Entropy achieved higher accuracy at predicing deeper levels of sedation as compared to BIS (PSI: 58.3%, Entropy: 58.3%, BIS: 44.4%). Lightening secondary to RASS score assessment is significantly captured by all three commercial EEG metrics (p < 0.001). Commercial EEG monitors can capture changes in the brain state associated with the RASS score during dexmedetomidine sedation. PSI and Entropy were highly correlated and may be better suited for assessing deeper levels of sedation.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Jeffrey Xiong for his assistance with the data playback system.

Funding

This work received support from Masimo, National Institutes of Health (Grant No. 1K99GM140215)

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive Room H3580 MC 5640, Stanford, CA, 94305-5117, USA

    Lichy Han, David R. Drover, Marianne C. Chen, Amit R. Saxena & Vladimir Nekhendzy

  2. Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA

    Sarah L. Eagleman

  3. Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA

    Robson Capasso

Authors
  1. Lichy Han
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  2. David R. Drover
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  3. Marianne C. Chen
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  4. Amit R. Saxena
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  5. Sarah L. Eagleman
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  6. Vladimir Nekhendzy
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  7. Robson Capasso
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Contributions

LH: created all the figures, performed the data analysis, and wrote the manuscript. MCC, ARS, RC, DRD, VN, and SLE: helped collect data for this study. MCC, VN, MCC, RC: helped develop the protocol for this study. DRD. SLE, and RC: advised methods and analysis. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lichy Han.

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Conflict of interest

DRD is a consultant for Masimo Inc. RC is a consultant for SAB – Bryte LLC and Invicta Medical. The rest of the authors declare no competing interests.

Ethical approval

The study was approved by the Stanford institutional review board.

Statement of human rights

All procedures performed in this work involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of Stanford University, guided by the principles set forth by the Belmont Report.

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All subjects provided written informed consent prior to study enrollment.

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Han, L., Drover, D.R., Chen, M.C. et al. Evaluation of patient state index, bispectral index, and entropy during drug induced sleep endoscopy with dexmedetomidine. J Clin Monit Comput 37, 727–734 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10877-022-00952-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10877-022-00952-9

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