Data Availability
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.
References
Cortese I, Reich DS, Nath A. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and the spectrum of JC virus-related disease. Nat Rev Neurol. 2021;17(1):37–51.
Jamilloux Y, Kerever S, Ferry T, Broussolle C, Honnorat J, Sève P. Treatment of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy With Mirtazapine. Clin Drug Investig. 2016;36(10):783–9.
Cortese I, Muranski P, Enose-Akahata Y, Ha S-K, Smith B, Monaco M, et al. Pembrolizumab Treatment for Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy. New Engl J Med. 2019;380(17):1597–605.
Cortese I, Beck ES, Al-Louzi O, Ohayon J, Andrada F, Osuorah I, et al. BK virus-specific T cells for immunotherapy of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: an open-label, single-cohort pilot study. Lancet Neurol. 2021;20(8):639–52.
Hoff FW, Rolwes J, Hardeman PA, Perkins M, Major EO, Douek D, et al. Long-term outcome of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy with recombinant interleukin-2 treatment and an associated increase in the number of HPyV-2-specific T-cells: a case report. Ther Adv Hematol. 2023;14:20406207231201720.
Lajaunie R, Mainardi I, Gasnault J, Rousseau V, Tarantino AG, Sommet A, et al. Outcome of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy Treated by Interleukin-7. Ann Neurol. 2022;91(4):496–505.
Boumaza X, Bonneau B, Roos-Weil D, Pinnetti C, Rauer S, Nitsch L, Immunotherapy for PML Study Group, et al. Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy Treated by Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. Ann Neurol. 2023;93(2):257–70.
Zhou P. Emerging mechanisms and applications of low-dose IL-2 therapy in autoimmunity. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2022;67:80–8.
Funding
This work was supported by the McGill University Health Centre – Foundation via the SDR Project.
D.C. Vinh is supported by the Fonds de Recherche du Québec—Santé (FRQS) – Senior clinician-scientist scholar program.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Study design and supervision were performed by Donald C. Vinh. Clinical data generation, acquisition, and analysis were performed by Sapha Barkati, Pierre Laneuville, and Susan Fox. Lorne Schweitzer and Donald C. Vinh wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors have reviewed, contributed to and approved the final version of the manuscript. Donald C. Vinh is the principal investigator providing supervision and funding.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics Approval
The Research Ethics Board of the Research Institute – McGill University Health Centre has approved this research (No. 2021–6624).
Consent to Participate
The authors confirm that a relevant local consent has been signed by the patient and/or the legally authorized representative.
Consent for Publication
The authors confirm that a relevant local consent has been signed by the patient and/or the legally authorized representative.
Conflicts of Interest/Competing Interests
D.C. Vinh has received research support, unrestricted educational grants, consultancy fees, and speaker honoraria from CSL Behring; has received consultancy fees from AstraZeneca, Moderna, and Takeda; and has undertaken clinical trials for Cidara Therapeutics and Moderna. The remaining authors declare no competing financial interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Schweitzer, L., Barkati, S., Laneuville, P. et al. Treatment of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy with IL-2 and Mirtazapine. J Clin Immunol 44, 97 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10875-024-01698-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10875-024-01698-6