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Wet deposition of atmospheric inorganic reactive nitrogen (Nr) across an urban-industrial-rural transect of Nr emission hotspot (India)

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Abstract

The present study comprehensively reports the simultaneous measurement of wet deposition of total inorganic nitrogen (TIN; which is the sum of the NH4+-N and NO3−-N) at three different sites in Nr emission hotspot of Indo-Gangetic plain (IGP) over a year-long temporal scale from October 2017 to September 2018. At rural Meetli (MTL) site, urban Baraut (BRT) site and industrial Loni (LNI) site, the annual wet deposition of NH4+-N was estimated as 21.87, 19.48 and 7.43 kg N ha−1 yr−1, respectively; the annual wet deposition NO3−-N was estimated as 12.96, 12.17 and 4.44 kg N ha−1 yr−1, respectively; and the annual wet deposition of TIN was estimated as 34.83, 31.64 and 11.87 kg N ha−1 yr−1, respectively. NH4+-N was dominantly contributing species in annual, monsoon and non-monsoon-time wet deposition of TIN at all sites. The spatial gradient (variability) in percent contribution of NH4+ to total annual volume-weighted mean (VWM) concentration of all analyte ions was observed as MTL (43.23%) > BRT (37.90%) > LNI (30%). On the other hand, the spatial gradient in percent contribution of NO3− to total annual VWM concentration of all analyte ions was observed as MTL (7.45%) > BRT (6.89%) > LNI (5.32%). The extremely narrow range of NH4+-N/NO3−-N ratios (ranging from 1.60 at BRT site to 1.69 at LNI site) showed the approximately equal relative abundance of oxidized and reduced nitrogen (N) deposition across all sites. Inferences from enrichment factor analysis, principal component analysis and Pearson’s correlation coefficient analysis suggested that across all sites, virtually all NH4+-N and NO3−-N depositions were originated anthropogenically. The annual wet deposition of TIN measured in this study showed ≥ 6865%, ≥ 6228% and ≥ 2274% increment than the natural N deposition rate at MTL, BRT and LNI site, respectively. These empirically measured annual wet depositions of TIN also emanated theoretical transgression of critical N load threshold across all sites therefore signifying probable undermining of long-term elastic stability and resilience of ecosystems against stressor in the study domain.

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Acknowledgements

The author, Moh Naseem, would like to sincerely thank Jawaharlal Nehru University for providing necessary facilities, University Grants Commission, India for providing non-Net fellowship and DST-purse for providing financial assistance to conduct this research work. This is part of DRSNet-India research of the School of Environmental Sciences, JNU, New Delhi and the UKRI-GCRF-SANH project (RPO-30). The authors also would like to acknowledge Giovanni online data system, developed and maintained by the NASA GES DISC, for providing data for the visualization of AOD and NO2 Total Column maps used in this study.

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    Moh Naseem & U. C. Kulshrestha

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Naseem, M., Kulshrestha, U.C. Wet deposition of atmospheric inorganic reactive nitrogen (Nr) across an urban-industrial-rural transect of Nr emission hotspot (India). J Atmos Chem 78, 271–304 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10874-021-09425-w

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