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Dimethyl sulfide and other biogenic volatile organic compound emissions from branching coral and reef seawater: potential sources of secondary aerosol over the Great Barrier Reef

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Abstract

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the headspace of bubble chambers containing branches of live coral in filtered reef seawater were analysed using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). When the coral released mucus it was a source of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and isoprene; however, these VOCs were not emitted to the chamber headspace from mucus-free coral. This finding, which suggests that coral is an intermittent source of DMS and isoprene, was supported by the observation of occasional large pulses of atmospheric DMS (DMSa) over Heron Island reef on the southern Great Barrier Reef (GBR), Australia, in the austral winter. The highest DMSa pulse (320 ppt) was three orders of magnitude less than the DMS mixing ratio (460 ppb) measured in the headspace of a dynamically purged bubble chamber containing a mucus-coated branch of Acropora aspera indicating that coral reefs can be strong point sources of DMSa. Static headspace GC-MS analysis of coral fragments identified mainly DMS and seven other minor reduced sulfur compounds including dimethyl disulfide, methyl mercaptan, and carbon disulfide, while coral reef seawater was an indicated source of methylene chloride, acetone, and methyl ethyl ketone. The VOCs emitted by coral and reef seawater are capable of producing new atmospheric particles < 15 nm diameter as observed at Heron Island reef. DMS and isoprene are known to play a role in low-level cloud formation, so aerosol precursors such as these could influence regional climate through a sea surface temperature regulation mechanism hypothesized to operate over the GBR.

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Acknowledgments

This research was partly funded from grants to GBJ by the Marine Ecology Research Centre of Southern Cross University (SCU, Lismore NSW), the Australian Institute for Marine Science (AIMS, Townsville, Qld) and Australian Research Council Discovery Grant DP110103638 awarded to BDE. HBS and RWC would like to thank the National Measurement Institute (NMI, Australia) for provision of equipment used to sample and analyse VOCs, and Gavin Stevenson (NMI) for manuscript technical review. PV would like to thank the Finnish Academy through visiting grant No. 136841, the Academy of Finland's Center of Excellence, University of Eastern Finland and the Queensland University of Technology for support. All authors would like to thank Dr Victor Beltran (AIMS) for providing coral samples from Davies Reef, the staff at the Heron Island Research Station for assistance with our experimental needs, the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority for provision of permits to collect coral, and Prof. Peter Harrison (SCU) for coral species identification. Reviewer comments and advice to improve the manuscript is appreciated. We gratefully acknowledge the NOAA Air Resources Laboratory (ARL) for provision of the HYSPLIT transport and dispersion model and/or READY website (http://www.ready.noaa.gov) used to obtain back trajectories for data evaluation presented in this publication.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia

    Hilton B. Swan, Graham B. Jones & Elisabeth S. M. Deschaseaux

  2. Chemical and Biological Metrology, National Measurement Institute, North Ryde, NSW, Australia

    Hilton B. Swan & Robert W. Crough

  3. University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland

    Petri Vaattovaara

  4. Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, School of Physics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland

    Petri Vaattovaara

  5. Centre for Coastal Biogeochemistry, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia

    Bradley D. Eyre

  6. Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia

    Branka Miljevic & Zoran D. Ristovski

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  1. Hilton B. Swan
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Correspondence to Hilton B. Swan.

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Swan, H.B., Crough, R.W., Vaattovaara, P. et al. Dimethyl sulfide and other biogenic volatile organic compound emissions from branching coral and reef seawater: potential sources of secondary aerosol over the Great Barrier Reef. J Atmos Chem 73, 303–328 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10874-016-9327-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10874-016-9327-7

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