Abstract
The air-ice drag coefficient under neutral stratification CDN was measured with the eddy correlation method in the southern Sea of Okhotsk. The disturbance of the wind field caused by the ship’s structure was evaluated by computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and two types of correction methods were applied to estimate the error span of CDN: one is based on the results of CFD, and the other is based on the parameterization of CDN over open water suggested by Taylor and Yelland (2001). The CDN × 103 values finally obtained ranged from 1.9 to 5.4 with a mean value of 2.7 by the CFD correction and from 1.5 to 5.0 with a mean value of 3.1 by the other method. This is somewhat larger than the value of 2.5 suggested by Shirasawa (1981), and in the same range as 2.2–4.0 over rough ice and 3.1–5.0 over very rough ice, values which were complied by Guest and Davidson (1991) for first year ice. Most of the ice conditions were characterized by broken floes with a diameter less than 100 m and raised rims, which made the surface rougher than flat, level ice. The relation between CDN and ice concentration was not clear, mainly because the contribution of the form drag caused at the freeboard was undetectable due to the great variation of ice surface condition. The roughness length zM was also evaluated using the model developed for snow covered ice in a previous study.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Anderson, R. J. (1987): Wind stress measurements over rough ice during the 1984 Marginal Ice Zone Experiment. J. Geophys. Res., 92(C7), 6933–6941, 7C0072.
Andreas, E. L. (1995): Air-ice drag coefficients in the western Weddell Sea 2. A model based on form drag and drifting snow. J. Geophys. Res., 100(C3), 4833–4844, doi:10.1029/94JC02015.
Andreas, E. L. and K. J. Claffey (1995): Air-ice drag coefficients in the western Weddell Sea 1. Values deduced from profile measurements. J. Geophys. Res., 100(C3), 4821–4831, doi:10.1029/94JC02016.
Andreas, E. L. and A. P. Makshtas (1985): Energy exchange over Antarctic sea ice in the spring. J. Geophys. Res., 90(C4), 7199–7212.
Andreas, E. L., R. E. Jordan and A. P. Makshtas (2005a): Parameterizing turbulent exchange over sea ice: the Ice Station Weddell results. Bound.-Layer Meteorol., 114, 439–460.
Andreas, E. L., P. G. Persson, R. E. Jordan, T. W. Horst, P. S. Guest, A. A. Grachev and C. W. Fairall (2005b): Parameterizing the turbulent surface fluxes over summer sea ice. Proc. 8th Conf. on Polar Meteorology and Oceanography, San Diego, CA, 9–13, January, 2005
Banke, E. G., S. D. Smith and R. J. Anderson (1980): Drag coefficients at AIDJEX from sonic snemometer measurements. p. 430–442. In Sea Ice Processes and Models, Proc. of the Arctic Ice Dynamics Joint Experiment International Commission on Snow and Ice Symposium, ed. by R. S. Pritchard, Univ. of Washington Press, Seattle, WA, U.S.A.
Futatsudera, A., D. Miyazono, Y. Moriuchi, H. Yamaguchi, T. Kawamura and M. Miyanaga (2002): Influence of the ship hull and superstructure on the on board measurement of wind and turbulence. J. Soc. Nav. Archit. Jpn., 192, 71–80.
Guest, P. S. and K. L. Davidson (1991): The aerodynamic roughness of different types of sea ice. J. Geophys. Res., 96(C3), 4709–4721, doi:10.1029/90JC02261.
Kantha, L. H. and C. A. Clayson (2000): Small scale process in geophysical fluid flows. International Geophysics Series Volume 67, Academic Press, San Diego, San Francisco, New York, Boston, London, Sydney, Tokyo, 888 pp.
Overland, J. E. (1985): Atmospheric boundary layer structure and drag coefficients over sea ice. J. Geophys. Res., 90(C5), 9029–9049, 5C0416.
Seifert, W. J. and M. P. Langleben (1972): Air drag coefficient and roughness length of a cover of sea ice. J. Geophys. Res., 77(15), 2708–2713.
Shirasawa, K. (1981): Studies on wind stress on sea ice. Low Temp. Sci. Ser. A, 40, 101–118.
Sirasawa, K. and M. Aota (1991): Atmospheric boundary layer measurements over sea ice in the Sea of Okhotsk. J. Mar. Sys., 2, 63–79, 0924-7963/91/$03.50.
Smith, S. D. (1988): Coefficients for sea surface wind stress, heat flux, and wind profiles as a function of wind speed and temperature. J. Geophys. Res., 93(C12), 15467–15472, doi:10.1029/88JC03508.
Taylor, P. K. and M. J. Yelland (2001): The dependence of sea surface roughness on the height and steepness of the waves. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31, 572–590.
Toyota, T., T. Kawamura, K. I. Ohshima, H. Shimoda and M. Wakatsuchi (2004): Thickness distribution, texture and stratigraphy, and a simple probabilistic model for dynamical thickening of sea ice in the southern Sea of Okhotsk. J. Geophys. Res., 109, C06001, doi:10.1029/2003JC002090.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Fujisaki, A., Yamaguchi, H., Toyota, T. et al. Measurements of air-ice drag coefficient over the ice-covered Sea of Okhotsk. J Oceanogr 65, 487–498 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-009-0042-8
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-009-0042-8