Skip to main content

Workplace Mindfulness: Multidimensional Model, Scale Development and Validation

Journal of Business and Psychology (2022)Cite this article

Abstract

While mindfulness has garnered increasing attention in organizations, few studies have operationalized workplace mindfulness and developed a valid measurement of this construct. Given this limitation, it is difficult to obtain a comprehensive understanding of workplace mindfulness or to promote theoretical and empirical research investigating this construct. To address this issue, the current research aims to examine the conceptualization of workplace mindfulness and seeks to develop a psychometrically sound scale assessing this construct. Based on the mindfulness literature, we propose a multidimensional model of workplace mindfulness consisting of three dimensions: awareness, attention, and acceptance. Across seven phases with six independent samples, and using both qualitative and quantitative approaches, our results provide support for the proposed multidimensional structure and reveal sound reliability and validity of the developed scale. This new instrument will be a valuable tool for both researchers and practitioners to assess employees’ mindfulness in working situations.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Access options

Buy single article

Instant access to the full article PDF.

USD 39.95

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Notes

  1. To further test the convergent and discriminant validity of our scale, we collected more data to differentiate workplace mindfulness from cognitive self-awareness, the ability to focus, and experiential avoidance. Participants worked at a high-tech company located in southern China. Our results from the final sample (N = 442) showed that workplace mindfulness was only significantly related to cognitive self-awareness (r = .51, p < .001), but was not related to either the ability to focus (r = .06, p = .180) or experiential avoidance (r = .07, p = .150). In terms of the relationships between each dimension and the related constructs, we found that awareness, attention, and acceptance could be differed from those related constructs because they had moderate or small correlations. The detailed results are available upon request.

  2. Although we focused on the overall effects of workplace mindfulness and each dimension was strongly correlated with each other, we conducted additional analysis to test the relationships between each dimension and those outcomes. The findings showed that awareness, attention, and acceptance were all significantly related to the outcomes as we expected. The detailed results are available upon request.

References

  • Allen, T. D., Henderson, T. G., Mancini, V. S., & French, K. A. (2017). Mindfulness and meditation practice as moderators of the relationship between age and subjective wellbeing among working adults. Mindfulness, 8(4), 1055–1063.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, L., & Wilson, S. (1997). Critical incident technique. In D. Whetzel & G. R. Wheaton (Eds.), Applied Measurement Methods in Industrial Psychology (pp. 89–112). Davies Black Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrews, M. C., Kacmar, K. M., & Kacmar, C. (2014). The mediational effect of regulatory focus on the relationships between mindfulness and job satisfaction and turnover intentions. Career Development International, 19(5), 494–507.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Attewell, P. (1990). What is skill? Work and Occupations, 17(4), 422–448.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baer, R. A. (2003). Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention: A conceptual and empirical review. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10(2), 125–143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., & Allen, K. B. (2004). Assessment of mindfulness by self-report: The Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills. Assessment, 11(3), 191–206.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 13(1), 27–45.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barrick, M. R., & Mount, M. K. (1991). The Big Five personality dimensions and job performance: A meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, 44(1), 1–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Birnie, K., Speca, M., & Carlson, L. E. (2010). Exploring self-compassion and empathy in the context of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR). Stress and Health, 26(5), 359–371.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bishop, S. R. (2002). What do we really know about mindfulness-based stress reduction? Psychosomatic Medicine, 64(1), 71–84.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., Segal, Z. V., Abbey, S., Speca, M., Velting, D., & Devins, G. (2004). Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11(3), 230–241.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bodner, T. E., & Langer, E. (2001). Individual differences in mindfulness: The Mindfulness/Mindlessness Scale. Poster presented at the 13th annual American Psychological Society Conference, Toronto, Canada.

  • Brislin, R. W. (1986). The wording and translation of research instruments. In W. J. Lonner & J. W. Berry (Eds.), Field Methods in Cross-Cultural Research (pp. 137–164). Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 822–848.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2004). Perils and promises in defining and measuring mindfulness: Observations from experience. Journal of Clinical Psychology, Science and Practice, 11(3), 242–248.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, K. W., Ryan, R. M., & Creswell, J. D. (2007). Mindfulness: Theoretical foundations and evidence for its salutary effects. Psychological Inquiry, 18(4), 211–237.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buchheld, N., Grossman, P., & Walach, H. (2001). Measuring mindfulness in insight meditation (Vipassana) and meditation-based psychotherapy: The development of the Freiberg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI). Journal for Meditation and Meditation Research, 1(1), 11–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cammann, C., Fichman, M. G., Jenkins, D., & Klesh, J. R. (1983). Assessing the attitudes and perceptions of organizational members. In S. E. Seashore, S. J. Hepworth, E. E. Lawler, P. H. Mirvis, & C. Cammann (Eds.), Assessing Organizational Change: A Guide to Methods Measures and Practices (pp. 71–138). Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cardaciotto, L., Herbert, J. D., Forman, E. M., Moitra, E., & Farrow, V. (2008). The assessment of present-moment awareness and acceptance: The Philadelphia Mindfulness Scale. Assessment, 15(2), 204–223.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carmody, J., & Baer, R. A. (2008). Relationships between mindfulness practice and levels of mindfulness, medical and psychological symptoms and well-being in a mindfulness-based stress reduction program. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 31(1), 23–33.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (2002). Control processes and self-organization as complementary principles underlying behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 6(4), 304–315.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Catalsakal, S. (2016). How trait mindfulness is related to job performance and job satisfaction: Self-regulation as a potential mediator. Ota Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara.

  • Chadwick, P., Hember, M., Symes, J., Peters, E., & Dagnan, D. (2008). Responding mindfully to unpleasant thoughts and images: Reliability and validity of the Southampton Mindfulness Questionnaire (SMQ). British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 47(4), 451–455.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chaiken, S. (1980). Heuristic versus systematic information processing and the use of source versus message cues in persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(5), 752–766.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chambers, R., Gullone, E., & Allen, N. B. (2009). Mindful emotion regulation: An integrative review. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(6), 560–572.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chiesa, A., Serretti, A., & Jakobsen, J. C. (2013). Mindfulness: Top-down or bottom–up emotion regulation strategy? Clinical Psychology Review, 33(1), 82–96.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Choi, E., Gruman, J. A., & Leonard, C. M. (2021). A balanced view of mindfulness at work. Published in advance.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conway, J. M., & Huffcutt, A. I. (2003). A review and evaluation of exploratory factor analysis practices in organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 6(2), 147–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dalal, R. S., Lam, H., Weiss, H. M., Welch, E. R., & Hulin, C. L. (2009). A within-person approach to work behavior and performance: Concurrent and lagged citizenship–counterproductivity associations, and dynamic relationships with affect and overall job performance. Academy of Management Journal, 52(5), 1051–1066.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dane, E. (2011). Paying attention to mindfulness and its effects on task performance in the workplace. Journal of Management, 37(4), 997–1018.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dane, E., & Brummel, B. J. (2014). Examining workplace mindfulness and its relations to job performance and turnover intention. Human Relations, 67(1), 105–128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeVellis, R. F. (2003). Scale development: Theory and applications. Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diamantopoulos, A., Riefler, P., & Roth, K. P. (2008). Advancing formative measurement models. Journal of Business Research, 61(12), 1203–1218.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Digman, J. M. (1990). Personality structure: Emergence of the five-factor model. In M. R. Rosenweig & L. W. Porter (Eds.), Annual Review of Psychology (pp. 417–440). Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews.

  • Dimidjian, S., & Linehan, M. (2003). Defining an agenda for future research on the clinical application of mindfulness practice. Clinical Psychology Science and Practice, 10(2), 166–171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Donnellan, M., Oswald, F., Baird, B., & Lucas, R. (2006). The Mini-IPIP scales: Tiny-yet-effective measures of the Big Five factors of personality. Psychological Assessment, 18(2), 192–203.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, J. R., & Bagozzi, R. P. (2000). On the nature and direction of relationships between constructs and measures. Psychological Methods, 5(2), 155–174.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, D. J., McEnteggart, C., Barnes-Holmes, Y., Lowe, R., Evans, N., & Vilardaga, R. (2017). The impact of mindfulness and perspective-taking on implicit associations toward the elderly: A relational frame theory account. Mindfulness, 8(6), 1615–1622.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elsbach, K. D., & Pratt, M. G. (2007). 4 the physical environment in organizations. Academy of Management Annals, 1(1), 181–224.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Erisman, S. M., & Roemer, L. (2010). A preliminary investigation of the effects of experimentally induced mindfulness on emotional responding to film clips. Emotion, 10(1), 72–82.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feldman, G., Hayes, A., Kumar, S., Greeson, J., & Laurenceau, J. P. (2007). Mindfulness and emotion regulation: The development and initial validation of the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale—Revised (CAMS-R). Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 29(3), 177–190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez-Duque, D., Baird, J. A., & Posner, M. I. (2000). Executive attention and metacognitive regulation. Consciousness & Cognition, 9(2), 288–307.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ford, B. Q., Lam, P., John, O. P., & Mauss, I. B. (2018). The psychological health benefits of accepting negative emotions and thoughts: Laboratory, diary, and longitudinal evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 115(6), 1075–1092.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fresco, D. M., Moore, M. T., van Dulmen, M. H., Segal, Z. V., Ma, S. H., Teasdale, J. D., & Williams, J. M. G. (2007). Initial psychometric properties of the experiences questionnaire: Validation of a self-report measure of decentering. Behavior Therapy, 38(3), 234–246.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  • George, M. (2009). Mindfulness-influenced social work practice with immigrants. In S. F. Hick (Ed.), Mindfulness and Social Work (pp. 149–170). Lyceum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giluk, T. L. (2009). Mindfulness, Big Five personality, and affect: A meta-analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(8), 805–811.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glomb, T. M., Duffy, M. K., Bono, J. E., & Yang, T. (2011). Mindfulness at work. Research in Personnel and Human Resource Management, 30, 115–157.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Good, D. J., Lyddy, C. J., Glomb, T. M., Bono, J. E., Brown, K. W., Duffy, M. K., Baer, R. A., Brewer, J. A., & Lazar, S. W. (2016). Contemplating mindfulness at work: An integrative review. Journal of Management, 42(1), 877–880.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, J., Reiner, K., & Meiran, N. (2012). “Mind the trap”: Mindfulness practice reduces cognitive rigidity. PLoS ONE, 7(5), e36206.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grossman, P., Niemann, L., Schmidt, S., & Walach, H. (2004). Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits: A meta-analysis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 57(1), 35–43.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haigh, E. A. P., Moore, M. T., Kashdan, T. B., & Fresco, D. M. (2011). Examination of the factor structure and concurrent validity of the Langer Mindfulness/Mindlessness Scale. Assessment, 18(1), 11–26.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, S. C., & Shenk, C. (2004). Operationalizing mindfulness without unnecessary attachments. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11(3), 249–254.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinkin, T. R. (1998). A brief tutorial on the development of measures for use in survey questionnaires. Organizational Research Methods, 1(1), 104–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hofmann, S. G., Sawyer, A. T., Witt, A. A., & Oh, D. (2010). The effect of mindfulness-based therapy on anxiety and depression: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78(2), 169–183.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hölzel, B., & Ott, U. (2006). Relationships between meditation depth, absorption, meditation practice, and mindfulness: A latent variable approach. Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 38(2), 179–199.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hülsheger, U. R., Alberts, H. J. E. M., Feinholdt, A., & Lang, J. W. (2013). Benefits of mindfulness at work: The role of mindfulness in emotion regulation, emotional exhaustion, and job satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 98(2), 310–325.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jankowski, T., & Holas, P. (2014). Metacognitive model of mindfulness. Consciousness and Cognition, 28, 64–80.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kabat-Zinn, J. (1994). Wherever you go, there you are: Mindfulness meditation in everyday life. New York, NY: Hyperion.

  • Keng, S. L., Smoski, M. J., & Robins, C. J. (2011). Effects of mindfulness on psychological health: A review of empirical studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(6), 1041–1056.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kishton, J. M., & Widaman, K. F. (1994). Unidimensional versus domain representative parceling of questionnaire items: An empirical example. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 54(3), 757–765.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klusmann, U., Kunter, M., Trautwein, U., Lüdtke, O., & Baumert, J. (2008). Teachers’ occupational well-being and quality of instruction: The important role of self-regulatory patterns. Journal of Educational Psychology, 100(3), 702–715.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kudesia, R. S. (2019). Mindfulness as metacognitive practice. Academy of Management Review, 44(2), 405–423.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kudesia, R. S., & Nyima, V. T. (2015). Mindfulness contextualized: An integration of Buddhist and neuropsychological approaches to cognition. Mindfulness, 6(4), 910–925.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Langer, E. J. (1989). Mindfulness. De Capo Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lau, M. A., Bishop, S. R., Segal, Z. V., Buis, T., Anderson, N. D., Carlson, L., Shapiro, S., & Carmody, J. (2006). The Toronto Mindfulness Scale: Development and validation. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(12), 1445–1446.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Law, K. S., Wong, C. S., & Song, L. J. (2004). The construct and criterion validity of emotional intelligence and its potential utility for management studies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(3), 483–496.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leroy, H., Anseel, F., Dimitrova, N. G., & Sels, L. (2013). Mindfulness, authentic functioning, and work engagement: A growth modeling approach. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 82(3), 238–247.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., Zhao, H., & Henderson, D. (2008). Servant leadership: Development of a multidimensional measure and multi-level assessment. Leadership Quarterly, 19(2), 161–177.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lievens, F., De Corte, W., & Schollaert, E. (2008). A closer look at the frame-of-reference effect in personality scale scores and validity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(2), 268–279.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Little, T. D., Rhemtulla, M., Gibson, K., & Schoemann, A. M. (2013). Why the items versus parcels controversy needn’t be one. Psychological Methods, 18(3), 285–300.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lomas, T., Medina, J. C., Ivtzan, I., Rupprecht, S., & Eiroa-Orosa, F. J. (2017). The impact of mindfulness on the wellbeing and performance of educators: A systematic review of the empirical literature. Teaching & Teacher Education, 61, 132–141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacKenzie, S. B., Podsakoff, P. M., & Jarvis, C. B. (2005). The problem of measurement model misspecification in behavioral and organizational research and some recommended solutions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(4), 710–730.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malinowski, P., & Lim, H. J. (2015). Mindfulness at work: Positive affect, hope, and optimism mediate the relationship between dispositional mindfulness, work engagement, and well-being. Mindfulness, 6(6), 1250–1262.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, J. R. (1997). Mindfulness: A proposed common factor. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 7(4), 291–312.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1986). The Maslach Burnout Inventory (2nd ed.). Consulting Psychologists Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Michel, A., Bosch, C., & Rexroth, M. (2014). Mindfulness as a cognitive–emotional segmentation strategy: An intervention promoting work–life balance. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 87(4), 733–754.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, A., & Malinowski, P. (2009). Meditation, mindfulness and cognitive flexibility. Consciousness and Cognition, 18(1), 176–186.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, T. O. (1996). Consciousness and metacognition. American Psychologist, 51(2), 102–116.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ngo, L. V., Nguyen, N. P., Lee, J., & Andonopoulos, V. (2020). Mindfulness and job performance: Does creativity matter? Australasian Marketing Journal, 28(3), 117–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olafsen, A. H. (2017). The implications of need-satisfying work climates on state mindfulness in a longitudinal analysis of work outcomes. Motivation & Emotion, 41(1), 22–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oswick, C., Fleming, P., & Hanlon, G. (2011). From borrowing to blending: Rethinking the processes of organizational theory building. Academy of Management Review, 36(2), 318–337.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pervin, L. A. (1989). Handbook of personality theory and research. New York, NY: Guilford.

  • Reb, J., Narayanan, J., & Chaturvedi, S. (2012). Leading mindfully: Two studies on the influence of supervisor trait mindfulness on employee well-being and performance. Mindfulness, 5(1), 36–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reb, J., Narayanan, J., Chaturvedi, S., & Ekkirala, S. (2017). The mediating role of emotional exhaustion in the relationship of mindfulness with turnover intentions and job performance. Mindfulness, 8(3), 707–716.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rich, B. L., LePine, J. A., & Crawford, E. R. (2010). Job engagement: Antecedents and effects on job performance. Academy of Management Journal, 53(3), 617–635.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robie, C., Schmit, M. J., Ryan, A. M., & Zickar, M. J. (2000). Effects of item context specificity on the measurement equivalence of a personality inventory. Organizational Research Methods, 3(4), 348–365.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roche, S. M., & McConkey, K. M. (1990). Absorption: Nature, assessment, and correlates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(1), 91–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roche, M., Haar, J. M., & Luthans, F. (2014). The role of mindfulness and psychological capital on the well-being of leaders. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 19(4), 476–489.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roemer, R., & Orsillo, S. M. (2003). Mindfulness: A promising intervention strategy in need of further study. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10(2), 172–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. (2003). Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES) preliminary manual [Version 1, November 2003]. Utrecht University, Occupational Health Psychology Unit.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., & Salanova, M. (2006). The measurement of work engagement with a short questionnaire: A cross-national study. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66(4), 701–716.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schooler, J. W., Smallwood, J., Christoff, K., Handy, T. C., Reichle, E. D., & Sayette, M. A. (2011). Meta-awareness, perceptual decoupling and the wandering mind. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15(7), 319–326.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schutte, N. S., & Malouff, J. M. (2011). Emotional intelligence mediates the relationship between mindfulness and subjective well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(7), 1116–1119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Selart, M., Schei, V., Lines, R., & Nesse, S. (In press). Can mindfulness be helpful in team decision-making? A framework for understanding how to mitigate false consensus. European Management Review. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/kh9aq

  • Shapiro, S. L., Carlson, L. E., Astin, J. A., & Freedman, B. (2006). Mechanisms of mindfulness. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65(6), 613–626.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suddaby, R. (2010). Editor’s comments: Construct clarity in theories of management and organization. Academy of Management Review, 35(3), 346–357.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanay, G., & Bernstein, A. (2013). State Mindfulness Scale (SMS): Development and initial validation. Psychological Assessment, 25(4), 1286–1299.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Teasdale, J. D. (1999). Metacognition, mindfulness and the modification of mood disorders. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 6(2), 146–155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Teasdale, J. D., Segal, Z., & Williams, J. M. G. (1995). How does cognitive therapy prevent depressive relapse and why should attentional control (mindfulness) training help? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33(1), 25–39.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tellegen, A. (1981). Practicing the two disciplines for relaxation and enlightenment: Comment on “Role of the feedback signal in electromyograph biofeedback: The relevance of attention” by Qualls and Sheehan. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 110(2), 217–226.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Teper, R., Segal, Z. V., & Inzlicht, M. (2013). Inside the mindful mind: How mindfulness enhances emotion regulation through improvements in executive control. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22(6), 449–454.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, E. R. (2007). Development and validation of an internationally reliable short-form of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 38(2), 227–242.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trevor, C. O., Reilly, G., & Gerhart, B. (2012). Reconsidering pay dispersion’s effect on the performance of interdependent work: Reconciling sorting and pay inequality. Academy of Management Journal, 55(3), 585–610.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Dyne, L., & LePine, J. A. (1998). Helping and voice extra-role behaviors: Evidence of construct and predictive validity. Academy of Management Journal, 41(1), 108–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walach, H., Buchheld, N., Buttenmüller, V., Kleinknecht, N., & Schmidt, S. (2006). Measuring mindfulness: The Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI). Personality and Individual Differences, 40(8), 1543–1555.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weick, K. E., & Sutcliffe, K. M. (2006). Mindfulness and the quality of organizational attention. Organization Science, 17(4), 514–524.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wells, A. (2002). GAD, metacognition, and mindfulness: An information-processing analysis. Clinical Psychology, 9(1), 95–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, L. J., & Anderson, S. E. (1991). Job satisfaction and organizational commitment as predictors of organizational citizenship behavior and in-role behavior. Journal of Management, 17(3), 601–617.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wolever, R. Q., Bobinet, K. J., McCabe, K., Mackenzie, E. R., Fekete, E., Kusnick, C. A., & Baime, M. (2012). Effective and viable mind–body stress reduction in the workplace: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 17(2), 246–258.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wong, C. S., & Law, K. S. (2002). The effects of leader and follower emotional intelligence on performance and attitude: An exploratory study. Leadership Quarterly, 13(3), 243–274.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng, X., Zhu, W., Zhao, H., & Zhang, C. (2015). Employee well-being in organizations: Theoretical model, scale development, and cross-cultural validation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36(5), 621–644.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zivnuska, S., Kacmar, K. M., Ferguson, M., & Carlson, D. S. (2016). Mindfulness at work: Resource accumulation, well-being, and attitudes. Career Development International, 21(2), 106–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This research was supported by a grant awarded to Dr. Xiaoming Zheng, Tsinghua University, funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 71771133).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Economics and Management, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing, China

    Xiaoming Zheng

  2. School of Business, Sun Yat-Sen University, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, China

    Dan Ni

  3. Renmin Business School, Renmin University of China, Haidian District, Beijing, China

    Xin Liu

  4. Lazaridis School of Business and Economics, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada

    Lindie H. Liang

Authors
  1. Xiaoming Zheng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Dan Ni
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Xin Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Lindie H. Liang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Xin Liu.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Zheng, X., Ni, D., Liu, X. et al. Workplace Mindfulness: Multidimensional Model, Scale Development and Validation. J Bus Psychol (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-022-09814-2

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-022-09814-2

Keywords

  • Workplace mindfulness
  • Awareness
  • Attention
  • Acceptance
  • Scale development