Skip to main content
Log in

The Relative Importance and Interaction of Contextual and Methodological Predictors of Mean rWG for Work Climate

Journal of Business and Psychology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A variety of collective phenomena are understood to exist to the extent that workers agree on their perceptions of the phenomena, such as perceptions of their organization’s climate or perceptions of their team’s mental model. Researchers conducting group-level studies of such phenomena measure individuals’ perceptions via surveys and then aggregate data to the group level if the mean within-group agreement for a sample of groups is sufficiently high. Despite this widespread practice, we know little about the factors potentially affecting mean within-group agreement. Here, focusing on work climate, we report an investigation of a number of expected contextual (social interaction) and methodological predictors of mean rWG, a common statistic for judging within-group agreement in applied psychology and management research. We used the novel approach of meta-CART, which allowed us to assess the relative importance and possible interactions of the predictor variables. Notably, mean rWG values are driven by both contextual (average number of individuals per group and cultural individualism-collectivism) and methodological factors (the number of items in a scale and scale reliability). Our findings are largely consistent with expectations concerning how social interaction affects within-group agreement and psychometric arguments regarding why adding more items to a scale will not necessarily increase the magnitude of an index based on a Spearman-Brown “stepped-up correction.” We discuss the key insights from our results, which are relevant to the study of multilevel phenomena relying on the aggregation of individual-level data and informative for how meta-analytic researchers can simultaneously examine multiple moderator variables.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

References

*An asterisk indicates that a study was included in the meta-CART analyses. aInformation from Van de Voorde et al. (2010) and Van de Voorde et al. (2014) was combined due to use of the same sample..

  • Abdelhadi, N., & Drach-Zahavy, A. (2012). Promoting patientcare: Work engagement as a mediator between ward service climate and patient-centered care. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 68, 1276–1287.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • *Afsharian, A., Zadow, A., Dollard, M. F., Dormann, C., & Ziaian, T. (2018). Should psychosocial safety climate theory be extended to include climate strength? Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 23, 496–507.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • *Alfes, K., Shantz, A. D., & Ritz, A. (2018). A multilevel examination of the relationship between role overload and employee subjective health: The buffering effect of support climates. Human Resource Management, 57, 659–673.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Allen, M. J., & Yen, W. M. (1979). Introduction to measurement theory. Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • *Ambrose, M. L., Schminke, M., & Mayer, D. M. (2013). Trickle-down effects of supervisor perceptions of interactional justice: A moderated mediation approach. Journal of Applied Psychology, 98, 678–689.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • *Anderson, N. R., & West, M. A. (1998). Measuring climate for work group innovation: Development and validation of the team climate inventory. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 19, 235–258.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Auh, S., Menguc, B., & Jung, Y. S. (2014). Unpacking the relationship between empowering leadership and service-oriented citizenship behaviors: A multilevel approach. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 42, 558–579.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Bai, Y., Lin, L., & Liu, J. T. (2017). Leveraging the employee voice: A multi-level social learning perspective of ethical leadership. The International Journal of Human Resource Management.

  • *Bain, P. G., Mann, L., & Pirola-Merlo, A. (2001). The innovation imperative: The relationships between team climate, innovation, and performance in research and development teams. Small Group Research, 32, 55–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bandalos, D., & Enders, C. (1996). The effects of nonnormality and number of response categories on reliability. Applied Measurement in Education, 9, 151–160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Berson, Y., Da’as, R., & Waldman, D. (2015). How do leaders and their teams bring about organizational learning and outcomes? Personnel Psychology, 68, 79–108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Biemann, T., Cole, M. S., & Voelpel, S. (2012). Within-group agreement: On the use (and misues) of rWG and rWG(J) in leadership research and some best practice guidelines. The Leadership Quarterly, 23, 66–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Biemann, T., Ellwart, T., & Rack, O. (2014). Quatifying similarity of team mental models: An introduction of the rRG index. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 17, 125–140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Bilinska, P., Wegge, J., & Kliegel, M. (2016). Caring for the elderly but not for one’s own old employees? Journal of Personnel Psychology, 15(3), 95–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Bin, D.A. (2018). Organizational climate and climate strength: Three essays. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.

  • *Binci, D. (2011). Climate for innovation and ICT implementation effectiveness: A missing link in Italian e-government projects. International Journal of Public Administration, 34, 49–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bliese, P. D. (2000). Within-group agreement, non-independence, and reliability: Implications for data aggregation and analysis. In K. J. Klein & S. W. Kozlowski (Eds.), Multilevel theory, research, and methods in organizations (pp. 349–381). Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • *Bodla, A.A., Tang, N., Jiang, W., & Tian, L. (2016). Diversity and creativity in cross-national teams: The role of team knowledge sharing and inclusive climate. Journal of Management and Organization, 1–19.

  • *Boehm, S. A., Dwertmann, D. J. G., Bruch, H., & Shamir, B. (2015). The missing link? Investigating organizational identity strength and transformational leadership climate as mechanisms that connect CEO charisma with firm performance. The Leadership Quarterly, 26, 156–171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bogaert, S., Boone, C., & van Witteloostuijn, A. (2012). Social value orientation and climate strength as moderators of the impact of work group cooperative climate on affective commitment. Journal of Management Studies, 49, 918–944.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borman, W. C., Kubisiak, C., & Schneider, R. J. (1999). Work styles. In N. G. Peterson, M. D. Mumford, W. C. Borman, P. R. Jeanneret, & E. A. Fleishman (Eds.), An occupational information system for the 21st century: The development of O*NET (pp. 213–226). American Psychological Association.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • *Bornay-Barrachina, M., & Herrero, I. (2018). Team creative environment as a mediator between CWX and R&D team performance and moderating boundary conditions. Journal of Business and Psychology, 33, 311–323.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • *Borucki, C. C., & Burke, M. J. (1999). An examination of service-related antecedents to retail store performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20, 943–962.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Bosak, J., Dawson, J., Flood, P., & Peccei, R. (2017). Employee involvement climate and climate strength: A study of employee attitudes and organizational effectiveness in UK hospitals. Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance, 4, 18–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Bosak, J., Fu, N., Ma, Q., & Flood, P. (2016). Intellectual capital and organizational ambidexterity in Chinese and Irish professional service firms. Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance, 3, 94–114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Boyce, A.S. (2010). Organizational climate and performance: An examination of causal priority. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI.

  • *Brahm, T., & Kunze, F. (2012). The role of trust climate in virtual teams. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 27, 595–614.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brieman, L., Friedman, J. H., Olshen, R. A., & Stone, C. J. (1998). Classification and regression trees. Chapman and Hall/CRC.

    Google Scholar 

  • *Bronkhorst, B., & Vermeeren, B. (2016). Safety climate, worker health and organizational health performance. International Journal of Workplace Health Management, 9(270), 289.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, R. D., & Hauenstein, N. M. A. (2005). Interrater agreement reconsidered: An alternative to the rWG indices. Organizational Research Methods, 8(2), 165–184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Buck, M.A. (2011). Proactive personality and big five traits in supervisors and workgroup members: Effects on safety climate and safety motivation. Dissertations and Theses. Paper 268. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.268

  • Burke, M. J., Chan-Serafin, S., Salvador, R., Smith, A., & Sarpy, S. (2008). The role of national culture and organizational climate in safety training effectiveness. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 17, 133–154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burke, M. J., Cohen, A., Doveh, E., & Smith-Crowe, K. (2018). Central tendency and matched difference approaches for assessing interrater agreement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 103, 1198–1229.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burke, M. J., Finkelstein, L. M., & Dusig, M. S. (1999). On average deviation indices for estimating interrater agreement. Organizational Research Methods, 2, 49–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burke, M. I., Landis, R. L., & Burke, M. J. (2017). Estimating group-level relationships: General recommendations and considerations for the use of intraclass correlation coefficients. Journal of Business and Psychology, 32, 611–626.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Buvik, M. P., & Tvedt, S. D. (2016). The impact of commitment and climate strength on the relationship between trust and performance in cross-functional project teams: A moderated mediation analysis. Team Performance Management, 22, 114–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Carrasco, H., Martínez-Tur, V., Peiró, J. M., & Moliner, C. (2012). Validation of a measure of service climate in organizations. Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 28, 69–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chan, D. (1998). Functional relations among constructs in the same content domain at different levels of analysis: A typology of composition models. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 234–246.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Chen, S., Zhang, G., Zhang, A., & Xu, J. (2016). Collectivism-oriented human resource management and innovation performance: An examination of team reflexivity and team psychological safety. Journal of Management & Organization, 22, 535–554.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Chen, X. P., Liu, D., & Portnoy, R. (2012). A multilevel investigation of motivational cultural intelligence, organizational diversity climate, and cultural sales: Evidence from U.S. real estate firms. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97, 93–106.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • *Chuang, C., & Liao, H. (2010). Strategic human resource management in service context: Taking care of business by taking care of employees and customers. Personnel Psychology, 63, 153–196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Cole, M. S., Carter, M., & Zhang, Z. (2013). Leader-team congruence in power distance values and team effectiveness: The mediating role of procedural justice climate. Journal of Applied Psychology, 98, 962–973.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Colquitt, J. A., Noe, R. A., & Jackson, C. L. (2002). Justice in teams: Antecedents and consequences of procedural justice climate. Personnel Psychology, 55, 83–109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Costa, A. C. (2003). Work team trust and effectiveness. Personnel Review, 32, 605–622.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Darr, W., & Johns, G. (2004). Political decision-making climates: Theoretical processes and multi-level antecedents. Human Relations, 57, 169–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *de Jong, A., de Ruyter, K., & Lemmink, J. (2005). Service climate in self-managing teams: Mapping the linkage of team member perceptions and service performance outcomes in a business-to-business setting. Journal of Management Studies, 42, 1593–1620.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Dietz, J., Pugh, S. D., & Wiley, J. (2004). Service climate effects on customer attitudes: An examination of boundary conditions. Academy of Management Journal, 47, 81–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • *Ehrhart, M. G. (2004). Leadership and procedural justice climate as antecedents of unit-level organizational citizenship behavior. Personnel Psychology, 57, 61–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Eisenbeiss, S., Knippenberg, D. V., & Boerner, S. (2008). Transformational leadership and team innovation: Integrating team climate principles. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 1438–1446.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • *Elche, D., Ruiz-Palomino, P., & Linuesa-Langreo, J. (2020). Servant leadership and organizational citizenship behavior: The mediating effect of empathy and service climate. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 32, 2035–2053.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Enders, C., & Bandalos, D. (1999). The effects of heterogeneous item distributions on reliability. Applied Measurement in Education, 12, 133–150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Frazier, M. L., & Bowler, W. M. (2015). Voice climate, supervisor undermining, and work outcomes: A group-level examination. Journal of Management, 41, 841–863.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Frazier, M. L., & Fainshmidt, S. (2012). Voice climate, work outcomes, and the mediating role of psychological empowerment: A multilevel examination. Group & Organization Management, 37, 691–715.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Gelade, G. A., & Young, S. (2005). Test of a service profit chain model in the retail-banking sector. Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology, 78, 1–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Getachew, D. S., & Zhou, E. (2018). The influences of transformational leadership on collective efficacy: The moderating role of perceived organizational support. The International Journal of Organizational Innovation, 10, 7–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ginsburg, L., & Oore, D. G. (2016). Patient safety climate strength: A concept that requires more attention. BMJ Quality & Safety, 25, 680–687.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Gonzalez, J. A., & Denisi, A. S. (2009). Cross-level effects of demography and diversity climate on organizational attachment and firm effectiveness. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30, 21–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Gonzalez-Mulé, E., Courtright, S. H., DeGeest, D., Seong, J.-Y., & Hong, D.-S. (2016). Channeled autonomy: The joint effects of autonomy and feedback on team performance through organizational goal clarity. Journal of Management, 42, 2018–2033.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Gonzalez-Roma, V., & Hernandez, A. (2014). Climate uniformity: Its influence on team communication quality, task conflict, and team performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 99, 1042–1058.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez-Roma, V., & Peiro, J. (2014). Climate and culture strength. In B. Schneider & K. M. Barbera (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of organizational climate and culture (pp. 496–531). Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez-Roma, V., Peiro, J. M., & Tordera, N. (2002). An examination of the antecedents and moderator influences of climate strength. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 465–473.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • *Griffith, J. (2006). A compositional analysis of the organizational climate-performance relation: Public schools as organizations. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36, 1848–1880.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guolo, A., & Varin, C. (2017). Random-effects meta-analysis: The number of studies matters. Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 26, 1500–1518.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • *Guerrero, E. G., Fenwick, K., & Kong, Y. (2017). Advancing theory development: Exploring the leadership–climate relationship as a mechanism of the implementation of cultural competence. Implementation Science, 12, 1–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta, V., Hanges, P. J., & Dorfman, P. (2002). Cultural clusters: Methodology and findings. Journal of World Business, 37, 11–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hare, A. P. (1981). Group size. American Behavioral Scientist, 24, 695–708.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, T., Usami, S., Jacobucci, R., & McArdle, J. J. (2015). Using classification and regression trees (CART) and random forests to analyze attrition: Results from two simulations. Psychology and Aging, 30, 911–929.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1985). Statistical methods for meta-analysis. Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • *Heled, E., Somech, A., & Waters, L. (2016). Psychological capital as a team phenomenon: Mediating the relationship between learning climate and outcomes at the individual and team levels. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 11, 303–314.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Higgins, J. P. T., & Thompson, S. G. (2002). Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Statistics in Medicine, 21, 1539–1558.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • *Hirst, G., Budhwar, P., Cooper, B. K., West, M., Long, C., Chongyuan, X., & Shipton, H. (2008). Cross-cultural variations in climate for autonomy, stress and organizational productivity relationships: A comparison of Chinese and UK manufacturing organizations. Journal of International Business Studies, 39, 1343–1358.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Hofmann, D. A., & Mark, B. (2006). An investigation of the relationship between safety climate and medication errors as well as other nurse and patient outcomes. Personnel Psychology, 59, 847–869.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Hofmann, D. A., & Stetzer, A. (1996). A cross-level investigation of factors influencing unsafe behaviors and accidents. Personnel Psychology, 49, 307–339.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations (2nd ed.). Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G. J., & Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and organizations (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hothorn, T., Bretz, F., & Westfall, P. (2008). Simultaneous inference in general parametric models. Biometrical Journal, 50(3), 346–363.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • *Huang, C.-C., & Hsieh, P.-N. (2017). Inspiring creativity in teams: Perspectives of transactive memory systems. Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology, 11, 1–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Huang, Y.-H., Verma, S. K., Chang, W.-R., Courtney, T. K., Lombardi, D. A., Brennan, M. J., & Perry, M. J. (2012). Supervisor vs. employee safety perceptions and association with future injury in US limited-service restaurant workers. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 47, 45–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, X., & van de Vliert, E. (2004). Job level and national culture as joint roots of job satisfaction. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 53, 329–348.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huedo-Medina, T. B., Sanchez-Meca, J., Marın-Martınez, F., & Botella, J. (2006). Assessing heterogeneity in meta-analysis: Q Statistic or I2 Index? Psychological Methods, 11(2), 193–206.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • *Hui, C. H., Chiu, W. C. K., Yu, P. L. H., Cheng, K., & Tse, H. (2007). The effects of service climate and the effective leadership behaviour of supervisors on frontline employee service quality: A multi-level analysis. Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology, 80, 151–172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Huo, W., Cai, Z., Luo, J., Men, C., & Jia, R. (2016). Antecedents and intervention mechanisms: A multi-level study of R&D team’s knowledge hiding behavior. Journal of Knowledge Management, 20, 880–897.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Idris, M. A., Dollard, M. F., Coward, J., & Dormann, C. (2012). Psychosocial safety climate: Conceptual distinctiveness and effect on job demands and worker psychological health. Safety Science, 50, 19–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • James, L. R., Choi, C. C., Ko, C.-H.E., McNeil, P. K., Minton, M. K., Wright, M. A., & Kim, K.-i. (2008). Organizational and psychological climate: A review of theory and research. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 17, 5–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • James, D. L., Demaree, R. G., & Wolf, G. (1984). Estimating within-group interrater reliability with and without response bias. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69, 85–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • James, L. A., & James, L. R. (1989). Integrating work environment perceptions: Exploration into the measurement of meaning. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 739–751.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jeanneret, P.R., Borman, W.C., Kubisiak, U.C., & Hanson, M.A. (1999). Generalized work activities. In N.G. Peterson, M.D. Mumford, W.C. Borman, P.R. Jeanneret, and E.A. Fleishman (Eds.), An occupational information system for the 21st century: The development of O*NET, 105–125. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.

  • *Jiang, K., Chuang, C., & Chiao, Y. (2015). Developing collective customer knowledge and service climate: The interaction between service-oriented high-performance work systems and service leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 100, 1089–1106.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • *Jiang, W., & Gu, Q. (2016). How abusive supervision and abusive supervisory climate influence salesperson creativity and sales team effectiveness in China. Management Decision, 54, 455–475.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Johnson, A., Nguyen, H., Groth, M., & White, L. (2018). Reaping the rewards of functional diversity in healthcare teams: Why team processes improve performance. Group & Organization Management, 43, 440–474.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Johnson, J. W. (1996). Linking employee perceptions of service climate to customer satisfaction. Personnel Psychology, 49, 831–851.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Jones, G.D. (2017). Modeling effective work groups and teams: An assessment of the inclusion of social value orientation. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Louisville: Louisville, KY. Retrieved from https://ir.library.louisville.edu/etd/2877

  • *Kao, R.-H. (2017). Task-oriented work characteristics, self-efficacy, and service-oriented organizational citizenship behavior: A cross-level analysis of the moderating effect of social work characteristics and collective efficacy. Personnel Review, 46, 718–739.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Kao, F.-H., & Cheng, B.-S. (2017). Proservice or antiservice employee behaviors: A multilevel ethics perspective. Human Performance, 30, 272–290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Katz-Navon, T., Naveh, E., & Stern, Z. (2005). Safety climate in healthcare organizations: A multidimensional approach. Academy of Management Journal, 48, 1075–1089.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *King, E. B., de Chermont, K., West, M., Dawson, J. F., & Hebl, M. (2007). How innovation can alleviate negative consequences of demanding work contexts: The influence of climate for innovation on organizational outcomes. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 80, 631–645.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klein, K. J., Conn, A. B., Smith, D. B., & Sorra, J. S. (2001). Is everyone in agreement? An exploration of within-group agreement in employee perceptions of the work environment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 3–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • *Koene, B., Vogelaar, A., & Soeters, J. L. (2002). Leadership effects on organizational climate and financial performance: Local leadership effect in chain organizations. The Leadership Quarterly, 13, 193–215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Koopmann, J., Lanaj, K., Wang, M., Zhou, L., & Shi, J. (2016). Nonlinear effects of team tenure on team psychological safety climate and climate strength: Implications for average team member performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 101, 940–957.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kopelman, R. E., Brief, A. P., & Guzzo, R. A. (1990). The role of climate and culture in productivity. In B. Schneider (Ed.), Organizational climate and culture (pp. 282–318). Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • *Kozlowski, S. W. J., & Hults, B. M. (1987). An exploration of climates for technical updating and performance. Personnel Psychology, 40, 539–563.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krackhardt, D., & Kilduff, M. (1990). Friendship patterns and culture: The control of organizational diversity. American Anthropologist, 92, 142–154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LeBreton, J. M., James, L. R., & Lindell, M. K. (2005). Recent issues regarding rWG, r*WG rWG(J), and r*WG(J). Organizational Research Methods, 8, 128–137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LeBreton, J. M., & Senter, J. L. (2008). Answers to 20 questions about interrater reliability and interrater agreement. Organizational Research Methods, 11, 815–852.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Lee, J. (2014). Moderation effect of safety climate variability on the relationship between safety climate level and safety behavior and its boundary conditions. Doctoral Dissertations. 504. https://opencommons.uconn.edu/dissertations/504

  • *Lee, L.-Y., & Vaesna, S. (2013). The effects of social exchange perspective on employee creativity: A multilevel investigation. Psychology Research, 3, 660–678.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, X., Dusseldorp, E., Liu, K., Claramunt, J., & Meulman, J. (2019). Meta-CART: A flexible approach to identify moderators in meta-analysis. R package version 2.0–1. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=metacart

  • Li, X., Dusseldorp, E., & Meulman, J. J. (2017). Meta-CART: A tool to identify interactions between moderators in meta-analysis. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 70(1), 118–136.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • *Liao, H., & Chuang, A. (2004). A multilevel investigation of factors influencing employee service performance and customer outcomes. Academy of Management Journal, 47, 41–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • *Lin, C-P., Liu, C-M., Liu, N-T., & Huang, H-T. (2018). Being excellent teams: Managing innovative climate, politics, and team performance. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence.

  • Lindell, M. K., & Brandt, C. J. (2000). Climate quality and climate consensus as mediators of the relationship between organizational antecedents and outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 331–348.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • *Ling, Q., Liu, F., & Wu, X. (2017). Servant versus authentic leadership: Assessing effectiveness in China’s hospitality industry. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 58, 53–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Linuesa-Langreo, J., Ruiz-Palomino, P., & Elche-Hortelano, D. (2017). New strategies in the new millennium: Servant leadership as enhancer of service climate and customer service performance. Frontiers in Psychology, 8,. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00786

  • *Loh, M.Y., Idris, M.A., Dollard, M.F., & Isahak, M. (2018). Psychosocial safety climate as a moderator of the moderators: Contextualizing JDR models and emotional demands effects. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology.

  • Lord, F. M., & Novick, M. R. (1968). Statistical theories of mental test scores. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • *Luria, G. (2008). Climate strength: How leaders from consensus. The Leadership Quarterly, 19, 42–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Luria, G., & Yagil, D. (2008). Procedural justice, ethical climate and service outcomes in restaurants. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 27, 276–283.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Mascherek, A. C., & Schwappach, D. L. B. (2017). Patient safety climate profiles across time: Strength and level of safety climate associated with a quality improvement program in Switzerland – A cross-sectional survey study. PLoS ONE, 12(7), e0181410. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0181410

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • *Maynard, M. T., Mathieu, J. E., Marsh, W. M., & Ruddy, T. R. (2007). A multilevel investigation of the influences of employees’ resistance to empowerment. Human Performance, 20, 147–171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *McKay, P. F., Avery, D. R., & Morris, M. A. (2009). A tale of two climates: Diversity climate from subordinates’ and managers’ perspectives and their role in store unit sales performance. Personnel Psychology, 62, 767–791.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Menges, J. I., Walter, F., Vogel, B., & Bruch, H. (2011). Transformational leadership climate: Performance linkages, mechanisms, and boundary conditions at the organizational level. The Leadership Quarterly, 22, 893–909.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Mohammadi, B. (2016). Empowerment climate, supervisory support for creativity and work role performance in new product development settings: A team level investigation. Unpublished masters thesis, Queensland University of Technology: Brisbane, Australia.

  • *Molina, A., Moliner, C., Martínez-Tur, V., Cropanzano, R., & Peiró, J. M. (2016). Validating justice climate and peer justice in a real work setting. Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 32, 191–205.

    Google Scholar 

  • *Moon, K. (2016). Determinants and consequences of organizational justice climate in the U.S. federal government: An organizational level, longitudinal study. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Georgia: Athens, GA.

  • *Morrison, E. W., Wheeler-Smith, S. L., & Kamdar, D. (2011). Speaking up in groups: A cross-level study of group voice climate and voice. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96, 183–191.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mumford, M. D., & Peterson, N. G. (1999). The O*NET content model: Structural considerations in describing jobs. In N. G. Peterson, M. D. Mumford, W. C. Borman, P. R. Jeanneret, & E. A. Fleishman (Eds.), An occupational information system for the 21st century: The development of O*NET (pp. 21–30). American Psychological Association.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • *Myer, A. T., Thoroughgood, C. N., & Mohammed, S. (2016). Complementary or competing climates? Examining the interactive effect of service and ethical climates on company-level financial Performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 101, 1178–1190.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • *Naumann, S., & Bennett, N. (2002). The effects of procedural justice climate on work group performance. Small Group Research, 33, 361–377.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Naveh, E., & Katz-Navon, T. (2015). A longitudinal study of an intervention to improve road safety climate: Climate as an organizational boundary spanner. Journal of Applied Psychology, 100, 216–226.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • *Naveh, E., Katz-Navon, T., & Stern, Z. (2005). Treatment errors in healthcare: A safety climate approach. Management Science, 51, 948–960.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Neal, A., & Griffin, M. A. (2006). A study of the lagged relationships among safety climate motivation, safety behavior, and accidents at the individual and group levels. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 946–953.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • *Neal, A., West, M. A., & Patterson, M. G. (2005). Do organizational climate and competitive strategy moderate the relationship between human resource management and productivity? Journal of Management, 31, 492–512.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newman, D. A., & Sin, H. (2020). Within-group agreement (rWG): Two theoretical parameters and their estimators. Organizational Research Methods, 23, 30–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Ning, N., Wang, C.J., Zhaohong, C., & Zheng, C.Z. (2017). The direct and moderating effect of learning orientation on individual performance in the banking industry in China: Contextualization of high-performance work systems. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources.

  • *Ostroff, C., Kinicki, A., & Clark, M. (2002). Substantive and operational issues of response bias across levels of analysis: An example of climate-satisfaction relationships. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 355–368.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • *Parker, A. W., Tones, M. J., & Ritchie, G. E. (2017). Development of a multilevel health and safety climate survey tool within a mining setting. Journal of Safety Research, 62, 173–180.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parr, N.J., Loan, C.M., & Tanner-Smith, E.E. (2021). Using machine learning to identify and investigate moderators of alcohol use intervention effects in meta-analyses. Alcohol and Alcoholism. agab036, https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agab036

  • *Patras, L., Martínez-Tura, V., Estredera, Y., Gracia, E., Molinera, C., & Peiró, J. M. (2018). Organizational performance focused on users’ quality of life: The role of service climate and “contribution-to-others” wellbeing beliefs. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 77, 114–123.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, M. G., West, M. A., Shackleton, V. J., Dawson, J. F., Lawthom, R., Maitlis, S., Robinson, D. L., & Wallace, A. M. (2005). Validating the organizational climate measure: Links to managerial practices, productivity and innovation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26, 379–408.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Pecino-Medina, V., Díaz-Fúnez, P. A., & Mañas-Rodríguez, M. A. (2017). Climate, stress and satisfaction: A multilevel study in the public sector. International Journal of Social Psychology, 32, 52–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Peng, J. C., Jien, J.-J., & Lin, J. (2016). Antecedents and consequences of psychological contract breach. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 31, 1312–1326.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Prentice, C., Ma, E., & Wong, I.A. (2018). Performance driven outcomes—the case of frontline employees in the hospitality sector. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management.

  • *Raes, E., Decuyper, S., Lismont, B., Van den Bossche, P., Kyndt, E., Demeyere, S., & Dochy, F. (2013). Facilitating team learning through transformational leadership. Instructional Science, 41, 287–305.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raykov, T., & Marcoulides, G. A. (2011). Introduction to psychometric theory. Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Rentsch, J. R. (1990). Climate and culture: Interaction and qualitative differences in organizational meanings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 668–681.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Riordan, C. M., Vandenberg, R. J., & Richardson, H. A. (2005). Employee involvement climate and organizational effectiveness. Human Resource Management, 44, 471–488.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roberson, Q. M. (2006). Justice in teams: The effects of interdependence and identification on referent choice and justice climate strength. Social Justice Research, 19, 323–344.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, A. M., McFarland, L., Baron, H., & Page, R. (1999). An international look at selection practices: Nation and culture as explanations for variability in practice. Personnel Psychology, 52, 359–391.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Salanova, M., Agut, S., & Peiro, J. M. (2005). Linking organizational resources and work engagement to employee performance and customer loyalty: The mediation of service climate. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 1217–1227.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • *Sandell, K.J. (2015). Climate for workplace fun in a retail setting. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO.

  • *Schechter, C., & Qadach, M. (2016). Principals’ learning mechanisms: Exploring an emerging construct, leadership and policy in schools. Leadership and Policy in Schools, 15, 141–167.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Schneider, B., & Barbera, K. M. (2014). Introduction: The Oxford handbook of organizational climate and culture. In B. Schneider & K. M. Barbera (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of organizational climate and culture (pp. 3–20). Oxford University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, B., Ehrhart, M. G., Mayer, D. M., Saltz, J. L., & Niles-Jolly, K. (2005). Understanding organization-customer links in service settings. Academy of Management Journal, 48, 1017–1032.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, B., Gonzalez-Roma, V., Ostroff, C., & West, M. A. (2017). Organizational climate and culture: Reflections on the history of the constructs in the Journal of Applied Psychology. Journal of Applied Psychology, 102, 468–482.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, B., Gunnarson, S. K., & Niles-Jolly, K. (1994). Creating the climate and culture of success. Organizational Dynamics, 23, 17–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, B., & Reichers, A. E. (1983). On the etiology of climates. Personnel Psychology, 36, 19–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Schneider, B., White, S. S., & Paul, M. C. (1998). Linking service climate and customer perceptions of service quality: Test of a causal model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 150–163.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • *Schulte, M., Ostroff, C., Shmulyian, S., & Kinicki, A. (2009). Organizational climate configurations: Relationships to collective attitudes, customer satisfaction, and financial performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 3, 618–634.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Shen, J., & Benson, J. (2016). When CSR as a social norm: How socially responsible human resource management affects employee work behavior. Journal of Management, 42, 1723–1746.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Shen,Y., Zhang, R.P., Koh, Y., Rowlinson, S., & Leicht, R.M. (2017). The effects of group safety climate on construction personnel’s safety behavior: A cross-level investigation. In A. Mahalingam, T. Shealy, & N. Gil (Eds.), Working Paper Proceedings of the 15th Engineering Project Organization Conference, 1–11. California: Stanford Sierra Camp.

  • *Shepherd, W. J., Ployhart, R. E., & Kautz, J. (2020). The neglected role of collective customer perceptions in shaping collective employee satisfaction, service climate, voluntary turnover, and involuntary turnover: A cautionary note. Journal of Applied Psychology, 105, 1327–1337.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • *Shih, H.-A., Chiang, Y.-H., & Chen, T.-J. (2012). Transformational leadership, trusting climate, and knowledge-exchange behaviors in Taiwan. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23, 1057–1073.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simon, H. A. (1973). The organization of complex systems. In H. H. Pattee (Ed.), Hierarchy theory (pp. 1–27). Braziller.

    Google Scholar 

  • *Simons, T., & Roberson, Q. (2003). Why managers should care about fairness: The effects of aggregate justice perceptions on organizational outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 432–443.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith-Crowe, K., Burke, M. J., Kouchaki, M., Signal, S. M. (2013) Assessing interrater agreement via the average deviation index given a variety of theoretical and methodological problems. Organizational Research Methods, 16(1), 127–151. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428112465898

  • *Sowinski, D. R., Fortmann, K. A., & Lezotte, D. V. (2008). Climate for service and the moderating effects of climate strength on customer satisfaction, voluntary turnover, and profitability. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 17, 73–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Spell, H. B., Eby, L. T., & Vandenberg, R. J. (2014). Developmental climate: A cross-level analysis of voluntary turnover and job performance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 84, 283–292.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • *Spielfogel, J. E., Leathers, S. J., & Christian, E. (2016). Agency culture and climate in child welfare: Do perceptions vary by exposure to the child welfare system? Human Service Organizations: Management, Leadership & Governance, 40, 382–396.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strobl, C., Malley, J., & Tutz, G. (2009). An introduction to recursive partitioning: Rationale, application, and characteristics of classification and regression trees, bagging, and random forests. Psychological Methods, 14, 323–348.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • *Tang, P. M. (2016). Ethical leadership in social enterprises: Multilevel investigation of its influence on team and individual prosocial voice. Unpublished masters thesis, Lingnan University: Hong Kong. Retrieved from http://commons.ln.edu.hk/mgt_etd/27

  • *Tang, C., & Naumann, S. (2016). Team diversity, mood, and team creativity: The role of team knowledge sharing in Chinese R&D teams. Journal of Management & Organization, 22, 420–434.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taras, V., Kirkman, B. L., & Steel, P. (2010). Examining the impact of culture‘s consequences: A three-decade, multi-level, meta-analytic review of Hofstede‘s cultural value dimensions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(3), 405–439.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • *Tesler, R. (2013). Alignment is not just for tires: The impact of leader-follower climate perceptions on learning and safety behaviors. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA.

  • *Tews, M. J., Hoefnagels, A., Jolly, P. M., & Stafford, K. (2021). Turnover among young adults In the hospitality industry: Examining the impact of fun in the workplace and training climate. Employee Relations: The International Journal, 43, 245–261.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Therneau, T. M., & Atkinson, B. (2017). An introduction to recursive partitioning using the RPART routines. Mayo Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • *Tremblay, M. (2017). Humor in teams: Multilevel relationships between humor climate, inclusion, trust, and citizenship behaviors. Journal of Business and Psychology, 32, 363–378.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Tremblay, M., Gaudet, M. C., & Parent-Rocheleau, X. (2018). Good things are not eternal: How consideration leadership and initiating structure influence the dynamic nature of organizational justice and extra-role behaviors at the collective level. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 25, 211–232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Tse, H. H. M., Dasborough, M. T., & Ashkanasy, N. M. (2008). A multi-level analysis of team climate and interpersonal exchange relationships at work. The Leadership Quarterly, 19, 195–211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tung, R. L., & Baumann, C. (2009). Comparing the attitudes toward money, material possessions and savings of overseas Chinese vis-a`-vis Chinese in China: Convergence, divergence or cross-vergence, vis-a`-vis “one size fits all” human resource management policies and practices. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 20, 2382–2401.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tung, R. L., & Verbeke, A. (2010). Beyond Hofstede and GLOBE: Improving the quality of cross-cultural research. Journal of International Business Studies, 41, 1259–1274.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *a Van De Voorde, K., Van Veldhoven, M., & Paauwe, J. (2010). Time precedence in the relationship between organizational climate and organizational performance: A cross-lagged study at the business unit level. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 21, 1712–1732.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *a Van De Voorde, K., Van Veldhoven, M., & Paauwe, J. (2014). Relationships between work unit climate and labour productivity in the financial sector: A longitudinal test of the mediating role of work satisfaction. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 23(2), 295–309.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Lissa, C. J. (2020). Small sample meta-analyses: Exploring heterogeneity using MetaForest. In R. van de Schoot & M. Miocevic (Eds.), Small sample size solutions: A guide for applied researchers and practitioners (pp. 186–202). Routledge.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • *Van Woerkom, M., & Meyers, M. (2015). My strengths count! Effects of a strengths-based psychological climate on positive affect and job performance. Human Resource Management, 54, 81–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Vera, M., Martınez, I. M., Lorente, L., & Chambel, M. A. (2016). The role of co-worker and supervisor support in the relationship between job autonomy and work engagement among Portuguese nurses: A multilevel study. Social Indicators Research, 12, 1143–1156.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Viechtbauer, W. (2010). Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package. Journal of Statistical Software, 36(3), 1–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Vogus, T. J., Cull, M. J., Hengelbrok, N. E., Modell, S. J., & Epstein, R. A. (2016). Assessing safety culture in child welfare: Evidence from Tennessee. Children and Youth Services Review, 65, 94–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Wallace, C., & Chen, G. (2006). A multilevel integration of personality, climate, self-regulation, and performance. Personnel Psychology, 59, 529–557.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wallace, J. C., Edwards, B. D., Paul, J., Burke, M. J., Christian, M., & Eissa, G. (2016). Change the referent? A meta-analytic investigation of direct and referent-shift consensus models for organizational climate. Journal of Management, 42, 838–861.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Wallace, J. C., Johnson, P. D., Mathe, K., & Paul, J. (2011). Structural and psychological empowerment climates, performance, and the moderating role of shared felt accountability: A managerial perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96, 840–850.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • *Walumba, F. O., Peterson, S. J., Avolio, B. J., & Hartnell, C. A. (2010). An investigation of the relationships among leader and follower psychological capital, service climate, and job performance. Personnel Psychology, 63, 937–963.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Wang, P., & Rode, J. C. (2010). Transformational leadership and follower creativity: The moderating effects of identification with leader and organizational climate. Human Relations, 63, 1105–1128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Wang, Z., Chen, Y.-f.N., Tjosvold, D., & Shi, K. (2010). Cooperative goals and team agreeableness composition for constructive controversy in China. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 27, 139–153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Williams, N. J., Glisson, C., Hemmelgarn, A., & Green, P. (2017). Mechanisms of change in the ARC organizational strategy: Increasing mental health clinicians’ EBP adoption through improved organizational culture and capacity. Administration Policy in Mental Health, 44, 269–283.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • *Winkler, R.B. (2004). Organizational climate in a health care setting and its relationship to patient safety. Unpublished dissertation, DePaul University, Chicago, IL.

  • *Wood, S., Stride, C., & Johnson, S. (2012). Personal and team morale in health services: Distinct and measurable concepts. Journal of Health Management, 14, 535–557.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Woznyj, H.M., Heggestad, E.D., Kennerly, S., & Yap, T.L. (2018). Climate and organizational performance in long-term care facilities: The role of affective commitment. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology.

  • Yohannes, Y., & Webb, P. (1999). Classification and regression trees, CART: A user manual for identifying indicators of vulnerability to famine and chronic food insecurity (No. 593–2016–39922). Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).

  • *Yu, T., de Ruyter, K., Patterson, P., & Chen, C.-F. (2018). The formation of a cross-selling initiative climate and its interplay with service climate. European Journal of Marketing, 52, 1457–1484.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Yusof, N.A.M., Jusoh, W.J.W., & Hashim, K.S.H. (2020). Service climate and service behaviour to customer satisfaction: A multilevel study of Muslim-friendly hotel. Journal of Halal Industry & Services, 3 (Special Issue), 1–6.

  • *Zappala, S., Martinez-Tur, V., & Mariani, M. G. (2018). Service climate in organizations: Validating the Italian version of the service climate scale (ISCS). TPM, 25, 5–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • *Zhang, Y., & Begley, T. M. (2011). Perceived organizational climate, knowledge transfer and innovation in China-based research and development companies. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 22, 34–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Zhang, X., & Kwan, H. K. (2018). Team learning goal orientation and innovation: Roles of transactive memory system and task interdependence. GSL Journal of Business Management and Administration Affairs, 1(109), 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • *Zhang, N., & Zhang, J. (2016). Chinese insurance agents in “bad barrels”: A multilevel analysis of the relationship between ethical leadership, ethical climate and business ethical sensitivity. Springerplus, 5, 2078.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zohar, D., & Tenne-Gazit, O. (2008). Transformational leadership and group interaction as climate antecedents: A social network analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 744–757.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Michael J. Burke.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Appendix

Appendix

Table 4

Table 4 Illustration of variations in context and methodology associated with the reporting of mean rWG

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Burke, M.J., Smith-Crowe, K., Burke, M.I. et al. The Relative Importance and Interaction of Contextual and Methodological Predictors of Mean rWG for Work Climate. J Bus Psychol 37, 923–951 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-021-09789-6

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-021-09789-6

Keywords

Navigation