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Uncovering Relations Between Leadership Perceptions and Motivation Under Different Organizational Contexts: a Multilevel Cross-lagged Analysis

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Abstract

Surprisingly scant research has adequately examined directional influences between different perceptions of managerial leadership behaviors and different types of work motivation, and even fewer studies have examined contextual moderators of these influences. The present study investigated longitudinal and multilevel autoregressive cross-lagged relations between perceptions of transformational, transactional, and passive-avoidant leadership with autonomous motivation, controlled motivation, and amotivation. Multilevel longitudinal models were estimated on data from 788 employees, nested under 108 distinct supervisors, from six Canadian organizations. Results revealed that perceptions of leadership behaviors predicted changes in motivation mostly at the collective level and that some of these relations changed as a function of whether organizations had recently faced a crisis. Collective perceptions of transformational leadership were related to increased collective autonomous and controlled motivation, while individual controlled motivation was related to increased individual perceptions of transactional leadership. In organizations facing a crisis, individual perceptions of transactional leadership were related to decreased individual controlled motivation, while collective perceptions of transactional leadership were related to increased collective autonomous motivation and decreased collective amotivation. In organizations not facing a crisis, collective perceptions of transactional leadership were related to decreased collective autonomous motivation. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.

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Notes

  1. This questionnaire was used with the authorization of Mind Garden. Sample items can be obtained from Mind Garden.

  2. We re-estimated our main two-level models (reported in Table 2) when adding followers’ characteristics (gender, age, and tenure) as controls in the level 1 part of the model. The results obtained as part of these additional analyses fully match those reported here, consistent with a lack of biasing effects of control variables and with the natural robustness of autoregressive cross-lagged models to the omission of controls. It was not possible, due to the aforementioned convergence difficulties, to incorporate these controls at level 2 or in the three-level model used to test for the effects of crisis.

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Acknowledgments

We wish to thank Ramon Rico for a friendly review.

Funding

This research was supported in part by grants from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, the Fonds Québécois de Recherche sur la Société et la Culture, and the Society for Human Resource Management awarded to the first author, by a grant from the Australian Research Council (LP140100100) awarded to the second author, and doctoral awards from Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada and the Fonds Québécois de Recherche sur la Société et la Culture granted to the fourth author.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Future of Work Institute, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia

    Marylène Gagné

  2. Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1M8, Canada

    Alexandre J. S. Morin

  3. Foster School of Business, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

    Kira Schabram

  4. School of Business, Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven, CT, 06515, USA

    Zhe Ni Wang

  5. Motiviamo, Milan, Italy

    Emanuela Chemolli

  6. John Molson School of Business, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada

    Mélanie Briand

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  1. Marylène Gagné
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  2. Alexandre J. S. Morin
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  3. Kira Schabram
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  4. Zhe Ni Wang
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  5. Emanuela Chemolli
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  6. Mélanie Briand
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Correspondence to Marylène Gagné.

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Gagné, M., Morin, A.J.S., Schabram, K. et al. Uncovering Relations Between Leadership Perceptions and Motivation Under Different Organizational Contexts: a Multilevel Cross-lagged Analysis. J Bus Psychol 35, 713–732 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-019-09649-4

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