Aldrich, S., Eccleston, C., and Crombez, G. (2000). Worrying about chronic pain: vigilance to threat and misdirected problem solving. Behav. Res. Ther. 38: 457–470.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Al-Obaidi, S. M., Al-Zoabi, B., Al-Shuwaie, N., Al-Zaabie, N., and Nelson, R. M. (2003). The influence of pain and pain-related fear and disability beliefs on walking velocity in chronic low back pain. Internat. J. Rehabil. Res. 26: 101–108.
Google Scholar
Al-Obaidi, S. M., Beattie, P., Al-Zoabi, B., and Al-Wekeel, S. (2005). The relationship of anticipated pain and fear avoidance beliefs to outcome in patients with chronic low back pain who are not receiving workers' compensation. Spine 30: 1051–1057.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Al-Obaidi, S. M., Nelson, R. M., Al-Awadhi, S., and Al-Shuwaie, N. (2000). The role of anticipation and fear of pain in the persistence of avoidance behavior in patients with chronic low back pain. Spine 25: 1126–1131.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Arntz, A., and Claassens, L. (2004). The meaning of pain influences its experienced intensity. Pain 109: 20–25.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Arntz, A., Dreessen, L., and De Jong P. (1994). The influence of anxiety on pain: Attentional and attributional mediators. Pain 56: 307–314.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Asmundson, G. J., Norton, P. J., and Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2004). Fear-avoidance models of chronic pain: An overview. In: G. J. Asmundson, J. W. S. Vlaeyen, and G. Crombez (Eds.), Understanding and treating fear of pain, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 3–24.
Google Scholar
Asmundson, G. J., Wright, K. D., and Hadjistavropoulos, H. D. (2000). Anxiety sensitivity and disabling chronic health conditions: state of the art and future directions. Scand. J. Behav. Ther. 29: 100–117.
Google Scholar
Asmundson, G. J. G. Norton, P. J., and Norton, G. R. (1999). Beyond pain: The role of fear and avoidance in chronicity. 19: 97–119.
Asmundson, G. J. G., Wright, K. D., and Hadjistavropoulos, H. D. (2005). Hypervigilance and attentional fixedness in chronic musculoskeletal pain: consistency of findings across modified stroop and dot-probe tasks. J. Pain 6: 497–506.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Boersma, K., and Linton, S. J. (2005a). How does persistent pain develop? An analysis of the relationship between psychological variables, pain and function across stages of chronicity. Behav. Res. Ther. 43: 1495–1507.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Boersma, K., and Linton, S. J. (2005b). Screening to identify patients at risk: profiles of psychological risk factors for early intervention. Clin. J. Pain 21: 38–43.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Boersma, K., Linton, S. J., Overmeer, T., Jansson, M., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., and de Jong, J. (2004). Lowering fear-avoidance and enhancing function through exposure in vivo; A multiple baseline study across six patients with back pain. Pain 108: 8–16.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Boston, A., and Sharpe, L. (2005). The role of threat-expectancy in acute pain: effects on attentional bias, coping strategy effectiveness and response to pain. Pain 119: 168–175.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bouton, M. E. (2002). Context, ambiguity, and unlearning: sources of relapse after behavioral extinction. Biol. Psychiat. 52: 976–986.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Brox, J. I., Storheim, K., Holm, I., Friis, A., and Reikeras, O. (2005). Disability, pain, psychological factors and physical performance in healthy controls, patients with sub-acute and chronic low back pain: a case-control study. J. Rehabil. Med. 37: 95–99.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Buchbinder, R., and Jolley, D. (2005). Effects of a media campaign on back beliefs is sustained 3 years after its cessation. Spine 30: 1323–1330.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Buchbinder, R., Jolley, D., and Wyatt, M. (2001). Volvo award winner in clinical studies: effects of a media campaign on back pain beliefs and its potential influence on management of low back pain in general practice. Spine 26: 2535–2542.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Buer, N., and Linton, S. J. (2002). Fear-avoidance beliefs and catastrophizing: occurrence and risk factor in back pain and ADL in the general population. Pain 99: 485–491.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Burns, J. W., Kubilus, A., Bruehl, S., Harden, R. N., and Lofland, K. (2003). Do changes in cognitive factors influence outcome following multidisciplinary treatment for chronic pain? A cross-lagged panel analysis. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 71: 81–91.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Burton, A. K., McClune, T. D., Clarke, R. D., and Main, C. J. (2004). Long-term follow-up of patients with low back pain attending for manipulative care: outcomes and predictors. Manual Therapy 9: 30–35.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Burton, A. K., Waddell, G., Tillotson, K. M., and Summerton, N. (1999). Information and advice to patients with back pain can have a positive affect. Spine 24: 2484–2491.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cannon, W. B. (1929). Bodily changes in pain, hunger, fear and rage: an account of recent researches into the functions of emotional excitement. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York.
Google Scholar
Carver, C. S., and Scheier, M. F. (1998). On the self-regulation of behavior, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Google Scholar
Cook, A. J., Brawer, P. A., and Vowles, K. E. (2006). The fear-avoidance model of chronic pain: Validation and age analysis using structural equation modeling. Pain 121: 195–206.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Crombez, G., Eccleston, C., Baeyens, F., and Eelen, P. (1998). When somatic information threatens, catastrophic thinking enhances attentional interference. Pain 75: 187–198.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Crombez, G., Eccleston, C., Baeyens, F., Van Houdenhove, B., and Van Den Broeck, A. (1999a). Attention to chronic pain is dependent upon pain-related fear. J. Psychosom. Res. 47: 403–410.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Crombez, G., Eccleston, C., Van Den Broeck, A., Van Houdenhove, B., and Goubert, L. (2002a). The effects of catastrophic thinking about pain on attentional interference by pain: no mediation of negative affectivity in healthy volunteers and in patients with low back pain. Pain Res. Manag. 7: 31–39.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Crombez, G., Van Damme, S., and Eccleston, C. (2005). Hypervigilance to pain: an experimental and clinical analysis. Pain 116: 4–7.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Crombez, G., Vlaeyen, J. W., Heuts, P. H., and Lysens, R. (1999b). Pain-related fear is more disabling than pain itself: evidence on the role of pain-related fear in chronic back pain disability. Pain 80: 329–339.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Crombez, G., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Eccleston, C., Vansteenwegen, D., Lysens, R., and Eelen, P. (2002b). Exposure to physical movements in low back pain patients: restricted effects of generalization. Health Psychol. 21: 573–578.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Davies, C. (2003). Self-discrepancy Theory and Chronic Pain. University of Leeds, Leeds.
Google Scholar
de Gier, M., Peters, M. L., and Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2003). Fear of pain, physical performance, and attentional processes in patients with fibromyalgia. Pain 104: 121–130.
PubMed
Google Scholar
de Jong, J. R., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Onghena, P., Cuypers, C., den Hollander, M., and Ruijgrok, J. (2005a). Reduction of pain-related fear in complex regional pain syndrome type I: the application of graded exposure in vivo. Pain 116: 264–275.
PubMed
Google Scholar
de Jong, J. R., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Onghena, P., Goossens, M. J. E. B., Geilen, M., and Mulder, H. (2005b). Fear of movement/(re)injury in chronic low back pain: education of exposure in vivo as mediator to fear reduction? Clin J Pain 21: 9–17.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dehghani, M., Sharpe, L., and Nicholas, M. K. (2004). Modification of attentional biases in chronic pain patients: a preliminary study. European J. Pain 8: 585–594.
Google Scholar
Denison, E., Asenlof, P., and Lindberg, P. (2004). Self-efficacy, fear avoidance, and pain intensity as predictors of disability in subacute and chronic musculoskeletal pain patients in primary health care. Pain 111: 245–252.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Eccleston, C., and Crombez, G. (1999). Pain demands attention: A cognitive-affective model of the interruptive function of pain. 125: 356–366.
Eccleston, C., Crombez, G., Aldrich, S., and Stannard, C. (1997). Attention and somatic awareness in chronic pain. Pain 72: 209–215.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Edwards, R. R., Fillingim, R. B., Maixner, W., Sigurdsson, A, and Haythornthwaite, J. (2004). Catastrophizing predicts changes in thermal pain responses after resolution of acute dental pain. J. Pain. 5: 164–170.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Eisenbergera, N. I., Jarchob, J. M., Lieberman, M. D., and Naliboff, B. D. (in press). An experimental study of shared sensitivity to physical pain and social rejection. Pain xx: xx–xx.
Google Scholar
Ellis, A. (1962). Reason and emotion in psychotherapy. Lyle-Stuart, New York.
Google Scholar
Eysenck, M. W. (1992). Anxiety: the cognitive perspective. Erlbaum, Hove.
Google Scholar
Fritz, J. M., George, S. Z., and Delitto, A. (2001). The role of fear-avoidance beliefs in acute low back pain: relationships with current and future disability and work status. Pain 94: 7–15.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Geisser, M. E., Haig, A. J., and Theisen, M. E. (2000). Activity avoidance and function in persons with chronic back pain. J. Occup. Rehabil. 10: 215–227.
Google Scholar
Geisser, M. E., Haig, A. J., Wallbom, A. S., and Wiggert, E. A. (2004). Pain-related fear, lumbar flexion, and dynamic EMG among persons with chronic musculoskeletal low back pain. Clin. J. Pain 20: 61–69.
PubMed
Google Scholar
George, S. Z., Bialosky, J. E., and Donald, D. A. (2005). The centralization phenomenon and fear-avoidance beliefs as prognostic factors for acute low back pain: a preliminary investigation involving patients classified for specific exercise. J. Orthop. Sports. Phys. Ther. 35: 580–588.
PubMed
Google Scholar
George, S. Z., Fritz, J. M., Bialosky, J. E., and Donald, D. A. (2003). The effect of a fear-avoidance-based physical therapy intervention for patients with acute low back pain: results of a randomized clinical trial. Spine 28: 2551–2560.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gheldof, E. L., Vinck, J., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Hidding, A., and Crombez, G. (2005). The differential role of pain, work characteristics and pain-related fear in explaining back pain and sick leave in occupational settings. Pain 113: 71–81.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gheldof, E. L. M., Vinck, J., Van Den Bussche, E., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Hidding, A., and Crombez, G. (2006). Pain and pain-related fear are associated with functional and social disability in an occupational setting: Evidence of mediation by pain-related fear. European J. Pain 10: 513–525.
Google Scholar
Goubert, L., Crombez, G., and Danneels, L. (2005a). The reluctance to generalize corrective experiences in chronic low back pain patients: a questionnaire study of dysfunctional cognitions. Behav. Res. Ther. 43: 1055–1067.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Goubert, L., Crombez, G., and De bourdeaudhuij, I. (2004a). Low back pain, disability and back pain myths in a community sample: prevalence and interrelationships. European J. Pain 8: 385–394.
Google Scholar
Goubert, L., Crombez, G., and Lysens, R. (2005b). Effects of varied-stimulus exposure on overpredictions of pain and behavioural performance in low back pain patients. Behav. Res. Ther. 43: 1347–1361.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Goubert, L., Crombez, G., and Van Damme, S. (2004b). The role of neuroticism, pain catastrophizing and pain-related fear in vigilance to pain: a structural equations approach. Pain 107: 234–241.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Goubert, L., Francken, G., Crombez, G., Vansteenwegen, D., and Lysens, R. (2002). Exposure to physical movement in chronic back pain patients: No evidence for generalization across different movements. Behav. Res. Ther. 40: 415–429.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Granot, M., and Ferber, S. G. (2005). The roles of pain catastrophizing and anxiety in the prediction of postoperative pain intensity: a prospective study. Clin. J. Pain. 21: 439–445.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Grotle, M., Vollestad, N. K., Veierod, M. B., and Brox, J. I. (2004). Fear-avoidance beliefs and distress in relation to disability in acute and chronic low back pain. Pain 112: 343–352.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Guzman, J., Esmail, R., Karjalainen, K., Malmivaara, A., Irvin, E., and Bombardier, C. (2001). Multidisciplinary rehabilitation for chronic low back pain: systematic review. BMJ 322: 1511–1516.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hadjistavropoulos, H. D., and Kowalyk, K. M. (2004). Patient-therapist relationships among patients with pain-related fear. In: G. J. G. Asmundson, J. W. S. Vlaeyen and G. Combez (Eds.), Understanding and treating fear of pain. Oxford University Press, New York.
Google Scholar
Hanley, M. A., Jensen, M. P., Ehde, D. M., Hoffman, A. J., Patterson, D. R., and Robinson, L. R. (2004). Psychosocial predictors of long-term adjustment to lower-limb amputation and phantom limb pain. Disabil. Rehabil. 26: 882–893.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Haythornthwaite, J. A., Clark, M. R., Pappagallo, M., and Raja, S. N. (2003). Pain coping strategies play a role in the persistence of pain in post-herpetic neuralgia. Pain 106: 453–460.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hermans, D., Craske, M. G., Mineka, S., and Lovibond, P. F. (2006). Extinction in human fear conditioning. Biol. Psychiatry. 30: 361–368.
Google Scholar
Heuts, P. H. T. G., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Roelofs, J., de Bie, R. A., Aretz, K., van Weel, C., and van Schayck, O. C. (2004). Pain-related fear and daily functioning in patients with osteoarthritis. Pain 110: 228–235.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hicks, G. E., Fritz, J. M., Delitto, A., and McGill, S. M. (2005). Preliminary development of a clinical prediction rule for determining which patients with low back pain will respond to a stabilization exercise program. Arch. Phy. Med.Rehabil. 86: 1753–1762.
Google Scholar
Horvath, A. O., and Symonds, B. D. (1991). Relation between working alliance and outcome in psychotherapy: A meta-analysis. J. Counsel. Psychol. 38: 139–149.
Google Scholar
Houben, R. M. A., Leeuw, M., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Goubert, L., and Picavet, H. S. J. (2005a). Fear of movement/injury in the general population: Factor structure and psychometric properties of an adapted version of the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia. J. B. Med. 28: 415–424.
Google Scholar
Houben, R. M. A., Ostelo, R. W. J. G., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Wolters, P. M. J. C., Peters, M., and Stomp-van den Berg, S. G. M. (2005b). Health care providers' orientations towards common low back pain predict perceived harmfulness of physical activities and recommendations regarding return to normal activity. European J. Pain 9: 173–183.
Google Scholar
Houben, R. M. A., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Peters, M., Ostelo, R. W. J. G., Wolters, P. M. J. C., and Stomp-van den Berg, S. G. M. (2004). Health care providers' attitudes and beliefs towards common low back pain: factor structure and psychometric properties of the HC-PAIRS. Clin. J. Pain 20: 37–44.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jellema, P., Van Der Horst, H. E., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Stalman, W. A. B., Bouter, L. M., and Van Der Windt D. A. W. M. (2006). Predictors of outcome in patients with (sub)acute low back pain differ across treatment groups. Spine 31: 1699–1705.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jensen, M. P., Turner, J. A., and Romano, J. M. (2001). Changes in beliefs, catastrophizing, and coping are associated with improvement in multidisciplinary pain treatment. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 69: 655–662.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kanfer, F. H., and Philips, J. S. (1970). Learning foundations of behaviour therapy. Wiley, New York.
Google Scholar
Karoly, P., and Ruehlman, L. S. (1996). Motivational implications of pain: chronicity, psychological distress, and work goal construal in a national sample of adults. Health Psychol. 15: 383–390.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Keogh, E., and Asmundson, G. J. G. (2004). Negative affectivity, catastrophizing, and anxiety sensitivity. In: G. J. G. Asmundson, J. W. S. Vlaeyen and G. Crombez (Eds.), Understanding and treating fear of pain. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 91–116.
Google Scholar
Keogh, E., Ellery, D., Hunt, C., and Hannent, I. (2001). Selective attentional bias for pain-related stimuli amongst pain fearful individuals. Pain 91: 91–100.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kerns, R. D., Bayer, L. A., and Findley, J. C. (1999). Motivation and adherence in the management of chronic pain. In: A. R. Block, E. Fernandez and E. F. Kremer (Eds.), Handbook of Pain Syndromes: Biopsychosocial Perspectives. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ, pp. 99–121.
Google Scholar
Klaber Moffett, J. A., Carr, J., and Howarth, E. H. (2004). High fear-avoiders of physical activity benefit from an exercise program for patients with back pain. Spine 29: 1167–1179.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Koes, B. W., van Tulder, M. W., Ostelo, R., Kim Burton, A., and Waddell, G. (2001). Clinical guidelines for the management of low back pain in primary care: an international comparison. Spine 26: 2504–2513.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kramer, M., Ebert, V., Kinzl, L., Dehner, C., Elbel, M., and Hartwig, E. (2005). Surface electromyography of the paravertebral muscles in patients with chronic low back pain. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 86: 31–36.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kugler, K., Wijn, J., Geilen, M., de Jong, J., and Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (1999). The Photograph series of Daily Activities (PHODA). CD-rom version 1.0., Institute for Rehabilitation Research and School for Physiotherapy Heerlen, The Netherlands.
Google Scholar
Kvist, J., Ek, A., Sporrstedt, K., and Good, L. (2005). Fear of re-injury: a hindrance for returning to sports after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc. 13: 393–397.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lamoth, C. J., Daffertshofer, A., Meijer, O. G., Lorimer Moseley, G., Wuisman, P. I., and Beek, P. J. (2004). Effects of experimentally induced pain and fear of pain on trunk coordination and back muscle activity during walking. Clin. Biomech. (Bristol, Avon) 19: 551–563.
Google Scholar
Lang, P. J. (1979). A bio-informational theory of emotional imagery. Psychophysiology 16: 495–512.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Leeuw, M., Goossens, M. E. J. B., van Breukelen, G. J. P., Boersma, K., and Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (submitted). Measuring perceived harmfulness of physical activities in chronic low back pain patients: the Photograph Series of Daily Activities – Short electronic Version. The Journal of Pain.
Leeuw, M., Houben, R. M. A., Severeijns, R., Picavet, H. S. J., Schouten, E. G. W., & Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (in press). Pain-related fear in low back pain: a prospective study in the general population. European J. Pain.
Lethem, J., Slade, P. D., Troup, J. D., and Bentley, G. (1983). Outline of a fear-avoidance model of exaggerated pain perception: I. Behav. Res. Ther. 21: 401–408.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lilienfeld, S. O., Jacob, R. G., and Turner, S. M. (1993). Anxiety sensitivity: An examination of theoretical and methodological issues. Adv. Behav. Res. Ther. 15: 147–183.
Google Scholar
Linton, S. J. (2000). A review of psychological risk factors in back and neck pain. Spine 25: 1148–1156.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Linton, S. J. (2005). Do psychological factors increase the risk for back pain in the general population in both a cross-sectional and prospective analysis? Pain 9: 355–361.
Google Scholar
Linton, S. J., and Andersson, T. (2000). Can chronic disability be prevented? A randomized trial of a cognitive-behavior intervention and two forms of information for patients with spinal pain. Spine 25: 2825–2831.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Linton, S. J., and Boersma, K. (2003). Early identification of patients at risk of developing a persistent back problem: the predictive validity of the Orebro Musculoskeletal Pain Questionnaire. Clin. J. Pain 19: 80–86.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Linton, S. J., Boersma, K., Jansson, M., Svard, L., and Botvalde, M. (2005). The effects of cognitive-behavioral and physical therapy preventive interventions on pain-related sick leave: a randomized controlled trial. Clin. J. Pain 21: 109–119.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Linton, S. J., Buer, N., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., and Hellsing, A.-L. (1999). Are fear-avoidance beliefs related to the inception of an episode of back pain? A prospective study. Psychol. Health 14: 1051–1059.
Google Scholar
Linton, S. J., and Hallden, K. (1998). Can we screen for problematic back pain? A screening questionnaire for predicting outcome in acute and subacute back pain. Clin. J. Pain 14: 209–215.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Linton, S. J., and Nordin, E. (2006). A 5-year follow-up evaluation of the health and economic consequences of an early cognitive behavioral intervention for back pain: a randomized, controlled trial. Spine 31: 853–858.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Linton, S. J., Overmeer, T., Janson, M., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., and de Jong, J. R. (2002a). Graded in-vivo exposure treatment for fear-avoidant pain patients with functional disability: A case study. Cogn. Behav. Ther. 31: 49–58.
Google Scholar
Linton, S. J., and Ryberg, M. (2001). A cognitive-behavioral group intervention as prevention for persistent neck and back pain in a non-patient population: a randomized controlled trial. Pain 90: xx–xx.
Google Scholar
Linton, S. J., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., and Ostelo, R. W. J. G. (2002b). The back pain beliefs of health care providers: are we fear-avoidant? J. Occup. Rehabil. 12: 223–232.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mannion, A. F., Junge, A., Taimela, S., Muntener, M., Lorenzo, K., and Dvorak, J. (2001). Active therapy for chronic low back pain: part 3. Factors influencing self-rated disability and its change following therapy. Spine 26: 920–929.
PubMed
Google Scholar
McCracken, L. M., Gross, R. T., and Eccleston, C. (2002). Multimethod assessment of treatment process in chronic low back pain: comparison of reported pain-related anxiety with directly measured physical capacity. Behav. Res. Ther. 40: 585–594.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mead, N., and Bower, P. (2000). Patient-centredness: A conceptual framework and review of the empirical literature. Soc. Sci. Med. 51: 1087–1110.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mineka, S., and Zinbarg, R. (2006). A contemporary learning theory perspective on the etiology of anxiety disorders: it's not what you thought it was. Am. Psychol. 61: 10–26.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Moore, J. E., BVon Korff, M., Cherkin, D., Saunders, K., and Lorig, K. (2000). A randomized trial of a cognitive-behavioral program for enhancing back pain self care in a primary care setting. Pain 88: 145–153.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Morley, S., and Eccleston, C. (2004). The object of fear in pain. In: G. J. Asmundson, J. W. S. Vlaeyen and G. Crombez (Eds.), Understanding and treating fear of pain. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 163–188.
Google Scholar
Morley, S., Eccleston, C., and Williams, A. (1999). Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of cognitive behaviour therapy and behaviour therapy for chronic pain in adults, excluding headache. Pain 80: 1–13.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nash, J. M., D. M. W., Nicholson, R., and Trask, P. C. (2006). The contribution of pain-related anxiety to disability from headache. J. Behav. Med. 29: 61–67.
Nederhand, M. J., Ijzerman, M. J., Hermens, H. J., Turk, D. C., and Zilvold, G. (2004). Predictive value of fear avoidance in developing chronic neck pain disability: consequences for clinical decision making. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 85: 496–501.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nielens, H., and Plaghki, L. (2001). Cardiorespiratory fitness, physical activity level, and chronic pain: are men more affected than women? Clin. J. Pain 17: 129–137.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nijs, J., Vanherberghen, K., Duquet, W., and De Meirleir, K. (2004). Chronic fatigue syndrome: lack of association between pain-related fear of movement and exercise capacity and disability. Phys. Ther. 84: 696–705.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Norton, P. J., and Asmundson, G. J. G. (2004). Anxiety sensitivity, fear, and avoidance behavior in headache pain. Pain 111: 218–223.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pavlin, D. J., Sullivan, M. J., Freund, P. R., and Roesen, K. (2005). Catastrophizing: a risk factor for postsurgical pain. Clin. J. Pain 21: 83–90.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Peters, M. L., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., and Kunnen, A. M. W. (2002). Is pain-related fear a predictor of somatosensory hypervigilance in chronic low back pain patients? 40: 85–103.
Peters, M. L., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., and van Drunen, C. (2000). Do fibromyalgia patients display hypervigilance for innocuous somatosensory stimuli? Application of a body scanning reaction time paradigm. Pain 86: 283–292.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Peters, M. L., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., and Weber, W. E. J. (2005). The joint contribution of physical pathology, pain-related fear and catastrophizing to chronic back pain disability. Pain 113: 45–50.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pfingsten, M., Leibing, E., Harter, W., Kröner-Herwig, B., Hempel, D., Kronshage, U., and Hildebrandt, J. (2001). Fear-avoidance behavior and anticipation of pain in patients with chronic low back pain: A randomized controlled study. Pain Med. 2: 259–266.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Philips, H. C. (1987). Avoidance behaviour and its role in sustaining chronic pain. Behav. Res. Ther. 25: 273–279.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Picavet, H. S., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., and Schouten, J. S. (2002). Pain catastrophizing and kinesiophobia: predictors of chronic low back pain. Am. J. Epidemiol. 156: 1028–1034.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pincus, T., Burton, A. K., Vogel, S., and Field, A. P. (2002). A systematic review of psychological factors as predictors of chronicity/disability in prospective cohorts of low back. Spine 27: E109–E120.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pincus, T., and Morley, S. (2001). Cognitive-processing bias in chronic pain: a review and integration. Psychol. Bull. 127: 599–617.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Poiraudeau, S., Rannou, F., Le Henanff, A., Coudeyre, E., Rozenberg, S., Huas, D., Martineau, C., Jolivet-Landreau, I., Revel, M., and Ravaud, P. (2006). Outcome of subacute low back pain: influence of patients' and rheumatologists' characteristics. Rheumatol.-(Oxford) 45: 718–723.
Google Scholar
Rachman, S. (1998). Anxiety. Psychological Press, Hove.
Google Scholar
Rachman, S. (2004). Fear and Courage: A Psychological Perspective. Soc. Res. 71: 149–176.
Google Scholar
Rachman, S., and Hodgson, R. (1974). Synchrony and desynchrony in fear and avoidance. Behav. Res. Ther. 12: 311–318.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rainville, J., Carlson, N., Polatin, P., Gatchel, R. J., and Indahl, A. (2000). Exploration of physicians' recommendations for activities in chronic low back pain. Spine 25: 2210–2220.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Reiss, S. (1991). Expectancy theory of fear, anxiety, and panic. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 11: 141–153.
Google Scholar
Rode, S, Salkovskis, P. M., and Jack, T. (2001). An experimental study of attention, labelling and memory in people suffering from chronic pain. Pain 94: 193–203.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Roelofs, J., Peters, M. L., Fassaert, T., and Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2005). The role of fear of movement and injury in selective attentional processing in patients with chronic low back pain: a dot-probe evaluation. J. Pain 6: 294–300.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Roelofs, J., Peters, M. L., Patijn, J., Schouten, E. G. W., and Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2004). Electronic diary assessment of pain-related fear, attention to pain, and pain intensity in chronic low back pain patients. Pain 112: 335–342.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rosenstiel, A. K., and Keefe, F. J. (1983). The use of coping strategies in chronic low back pain patients: Relationship to patient characteristics and current adjustment. Pain 17: 33–44.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rowe, M. K., and Craske, M. G. (1998a). Effects of an expanding-spaced vs massed exposure schedule on fear reduction and return of fear. Behav. Res. Ther. 36: 701–717.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rowe, M. K., and Craske, M. G. (1998b). Effects of varied-stimulus exposure training on fear reduction and return of fear. Behav. Res. Ther. 36: 719–734.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Severeijns, R., Van Den Hout, M. A., and Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2005). The causal status of pain catastrophizing: an experimental test with healthy participants. European J. Pain 9: 257–265.
Google Scholar
Severeijns, R., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Van Den Hout, M. A., and Picavet, H. S. J. (2004). Pain catastrophizing is associated with health indices in musculoskeletal pain: a cross-sectional study in the dutch community. Health Psychol. 23: 49–57.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Severeijns, R., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Van Den Hout, M. A., and Weber, W. E. (2001). Pain catastrophizing predicts pain intensity, disability, and psychological distress independent of the level of physical impairment. Clin. J. Pain 17: 165–172.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sgroi, M. I., Willebrand, M., Ekselius, L., Gerdin, B., and Andersson, G. (2005). Fear-avoidance in recovered burn patients: association with psychological and somatic symptoms. J. Health Psychol. 10: 491–502.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sieben, J. M., Portegijs, P. J. M., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., and Knottnerus, J. A. (2005a). Pain-related fear at the start of a new low back pain episode. European J. Pain 9: 635–641.
Google Scholar
Sieben, J. M., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Portegeijs, P. J. M., Verbunt, J. A., van Riet-Rutgers, S., Kester, A. D. M., Von Korff, M., Arntz, A., and Knottnerus, J. A. (2005b). A longitudinal study on the predictive validity of the fear-avoidance model in low back pain. Pain 117: 162–170.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sieben, J. M., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Tuerlinckx, S., and Portegijs, P. J. (2002). Pain-related fear in acute low back pain: the first two weeks of a new episode. European J. Pain 6: 229–237.
Google Scholar
Silver, A., Haeny, M., Vijayadurai, P., Wilks, D., Pattrick, M., and Main, C. J. (2002). The role of fear of physical movement and activity in chronic fatigue syndrome. J. Psychosom. Res. 52: 485–493.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Smeets, R. J., Wittink, H., Hidding, A., and Knottnerus, J. A. (2006a). Do patients with chronic low back pain have a lower level of aerobic fitness than healthy controls?: Are pain, disability, fear of injury, working status, or level of leisure time activity associated with the difference in aerobic fitness level? Spine 31: 90–98.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Smeets, R. J. E. M., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Kester, A. D. M., and Knottnerus, J. A. (2006b). Reduction of Pain Catastrophizing Mediates the Outcome of Both Physical and Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment in Chronic Low Back Pain. J. Pain 7: 261–271.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sorbi, M. J., Peters, M. L., Kruise, D. A., Maas, C. J., Kerssens, J. J., Verhaak, P. F., and Bensing, J. M. (2006). Electronic momentary assessment in chronic pain II: psychological pain responses as predictors of pain disability. Clin. J. Pain 22: 67–81.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Spenkelink, C. D., Hutten, M. M., Hermens, H. J., and Greitemann, B. O. (2002). Assessment of activities of daily living with an ambulatory monitoring system: a comparative study in patients with chronic low back pain and nonsymptomatic controls. Clin. Rehabil. 16: 16–26.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Spinhoven, P., ter Kuile, M., Kole-Snijders, A. M. J., Hutten Mansfeld, M., and den Ouden, D. J., J. W. S. V. (2004). Catastrophizing and internal pain control as mediators of outcome in the multidisciplinary treatment of chronic low back pain. European J. Pain 8: 211–219.
Google Scholar
Staerkle, R., Mannion, A. F., Elfering, A., Junge, A., Semmer, N. K., Jacobshagen, N., Grob, D., Dvorak, J., and Boos, N. (2004). Longitudinal validation of the fear-avoidance beliefs questionnaire (FABQ) in a Swiss-German sample of low back pain patients. European Spine J. 13: 332–340.
Google Scholar
Sterling, M., Kenardy, J., Jull, G., and Vicenzino, B. (2003). The development of psychological changes following whiplash injury. Pain 106: 481–489.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Storheim, K., Brox, J. I., Holm, I., and Bo, K. (2005). Predictors of return to work in patients sick listed for sub-acute low back pain: a 12-month follow-up study. J. Rehabil. Med. 37: xx–xx.
Google Scholar
Sullivan, M. J., and Neish, N. (1999). The effects of disclosure on pain during dental hygiene treatment: the moderating role of catastrophizing. Pain 79: 155–163.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sullivan, M. J., Rodgers, W. M., Wilson, P. M., Bell, G. J., Murray, T. C., and Fraser, S. N. (2002). An experimental investigation of the relation between catastrophizing and activity intolerance. Pain 100: 47–53.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sullivan, M. J., and Stanish, W. D. (2003). Psychologically based occupational rehabilitation: the Pain-Disability Prevention Program. Clin. J. Pain 19: 97–104.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sullivan, M. J. L., Bishop, S. R., and Pivik, J. (1995). The Pain Catastrophizing Scale: Development and validation. Psychol. Assess. 7: 524–532.
Google Scholar
Sullivan, M. J. L., Lynch, M. E., and Clark, A. J. (2005a). Dimensions of catastrophic thinking associated with pain experience and disability in patients with neuropathic pain conditions. Pain 113: 310–315.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sullivan, M. J. L., Thorn, B., Rodgers, W., and Ward, L. C. (2004). Path model of psychological antecedents to pain experience: experimental and clinical findings. Clin. J. Pain 20: 164–173.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sullivan, M. J. L., Ward, L. C., Tripp, D., French, D. J., Adams, H., and Stanish, W. D. (2005b). Secondary prevention of work disability: community-based psychosocial intervention for musculoskeletal disorders. J. Occup. Rehabil. 15: 377–392.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Swinkels-Meewisse, I. E., Roelofs, J., Oostendorp, R. A., Verbeek, A. L., and Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2006a). Acute low back pain: pain-related fear and pain catastrophizing influence physical performance and perceived disability. Pain 120: 36–43.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Swinkels-Meewisse, I. E., Roelofs, J., Verbeek, A. L., Oostendorp, R. A., and Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2003). Fear of movement/(re)injury, disability and participation in acute low back pain. Pain 105: 371–379.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Swinkels-Meewisse, I. E., Roelofs, J., Verbeek, A. L., Oostendorp, R. A., and Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2006b). Fear-avoidance beliefs, disability, and participation in workers and non-workers with acute low back pain. Clin. J. Pain 22: 45–54.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Swinkels-Meewisse, I. E. J., Roelofs, J., Schouten, E. G. W., Verbeek, A. L. M., Oostendorp, R. A. B., and Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2006c). Fear of movement/(re)Injury predicting chronic disabling low back pain: a prospective inception cohort study. Spine 31: 658–664.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Symonds, T. L., Burton, A. K., Tilotson, K. M., and Main, C. J. (1995). Absence resulting from low back trouble can be reduced by psyochosocial intervention at the work place. Spine 20: 2738–2745.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Turk, D. C., Robinson, J. P., and Burwinkle, T. (2004). Prevalence of fear of pain and activity in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. J. Pain 5: 483–490.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Turner, J. A., Jensen, M. P., and Romano, J. M. (2000). Do beliefs, coping, and catastrophizing independently predict functioning in patients with chronic pain? xxxxxxxx 85: 115–125.
Google Scholar
Turner, J. A., Jensen, M. P., Warms, C. A., and Cardenas, D. D. (2002). Catastrophizing is associated with pain intensity, psychological distress, and pain-related disability among individuals with chronic pain after spinal cord injury. Pain 98: 127–134.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Turner, J. A., Mancl, L., and Aaron, L. A. (2004). Pain-related catastrophizing: a daily process study. Pain 103–111.
Van Damme, S., Crombez, G., and Eccleston, C. (2002). Retarded disengagement from pain cues: the effects of pain catastrophizing and pain expectancy. Pain 100: 111–118.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Van Damme, S., Crombez, G., and Eccleston, C. (2004a). The anticipation of pain modulates spatial attention: evidence for pain-specificity in high-pain catastrophizers. Pain 111: 392–399.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Van Damme, S., Crombez, G., and Eccleston, C. (2004b). Disengagement from pain: the role of catastrophic thinking about pain. Pain 107: 70–76.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Van Damme, S., Crombez, G., Hermans, D., Koster, E. H., and Eccleston, C. (2006). The role of extinction and reinstatement in attentional bias to threat: A conditioning approach. Behav. Res. Ther. 44: 1555–1563.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Van Den Hout, J. H. C., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Heuts, P. H. T. G., Sillen, W. J. H., and Willen, A. J. E. H. L. (2001a). Functional disability in non-specific low back pain: the role of pain-related fear and problem-solving skills. Int. J. Behav. Med. 8: 149–162.
Google Scholar
Van Den Hout, J. H. C., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Houben, R. M. A., Soeters, A. P. M., and Peters, M. L. (2001b). The effects of failure feedback and pain-related fear on pain report, pain tolerance and pain avoidance in chronic low back pain patients. 92: 247–257.
Van Nieuwenhuyse, A., Somville, P. R., Crombez, G., Burdorf, A., Verbeke, G., Johannik, K., Van den Bergh, O., Masschelein, R., Mairiaux, P., and Moens, G. F. (2006). The role of physical workload and pain related fear in the development of low back pain in young workers: evidence from the BelCoBack Study; results after one year of follow up. Occup. Environ. Med. 63: 45–52.
PubMed
Google Scholar
van Tulder, M. W., Ostelo, R., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Linton, S. J., Morley, S. J., and Assendelft, W. J. (2000). Behavioral treatment for chronic low back pain: a sustematic review within the framework of the Cochrane Back Review Group. Spine 25: xx–xx.
Google Scholar
Vancleef, L. M. G., and Peters, M. L. (2006). Pain catastrophizing, but not injury/illness sensitivity or anxiety sensitivity, anhances attentional interference by pain. J. Pain 7: 23–30.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Vancleef, L. M. G., Peters, M. L., Roelofs, J., and Asmundson, G. J. G. (2006). Do fundamental fears differentially contribute to pain-related fear and pain catastrophizing? An evaluation of the sensitivity index. European J. Pain 10: 527–536.
Google Scholar
Verbunt, J. A., Seelen, H. A. M., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Bousema, E. J., Van Der Heijden, G. J., Heuts, P. H. T. G., and Knottnerus, J. A. (2005). Pain-related factors contributing to muscle inhibition in patients with chronic low back pain: an experimental investigation based on superimposed electrical stimulation. Clin. J. Pain 21: 232–240.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Verbunt, J. A., Seelen, H. A. M., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., van de Heijden, G. J., Heuts, P. H. T. G., Pons, K., and Knottnerus, J. A. (2003a). Disuse and deconditioning in chronic low back pain: concepts and hypotheses on contributing mechanisms. European J. Pain 7: 9–21.
Google Scholar
Verbunt, J. A., Seelen, H. A. M., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Van Der Heijden, G. J., and Knottnerus, J. A. (2003b). Fear of injury and physical deconditioning in patients with chronic low back pain. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 84: 1227–1232.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Verbunt, J. A., Westerterp, K. R., Van Der Heijden, G. J., Seelen, H. A., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., and Knottnerus, J. A. (2001). Physical activity in daily life in patients with chronic low back pain. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 82: 726–730.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Vlaeyen, J. W., De Jong, J. R., Onghena, P., Kerckhoffs-Hanssen, M., and Kole-Snijders, A. M. (2002a). Can pain-related fear be reduced? The application of cognitive- behavioural exposure in vivo. Pain Res. Manag. 7: 144–153.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Vlaeyen, J. W. S., de Jong, J., Geilen, M., Heuts, P. H. T. G., and van Breukelen, G. (2001). Graded exposure in vivo in the treatment of pain-related fear: a replicated single-case experimental design in four patients with chronic low back pain. Behaviour Research and Therapy 39: 151–166.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Vlaeyen, J. W. S., de Jong, J., Geilen, M., Heuts, P. H. T. G., and van Breukelen, G. (2002b). The treatment of fear of movement/(re)injury in chronic low back pain: Further evidence on the effectiveness of exposure in vivo. Clinical journal of pain 18: 251–261.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Vlaeyen, J. W. S., de Jong, J., Leeuw, M., and Crombez, G. (2004a). Fear reduction in chronic pain: graded exposure in vivo with behavioral experiments. In: G. J. Asmundson, J. W. S. Vlaeyen and G. Crombez (Eds.), Understanding and Treating Fear of Pain, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Google Scholar
Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Kole Snijders, A. M. J., Boeren, R. G. B., and van Eek, H. (1995). Fear of movement/(re)injury in chronic low back pain and its relation to behavioral performance. 62: 363–372.
Vlaeyen, J. W. S., and Linton, S. J. (2000). Fear-avoidance and its consequences in chronic musculoskeletal pain: a state of the art. Pain 85: 317–332.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Vlaeyen, J. W. S., and Morley, S. (2004). Active despite pain: the putative role of stop-rules and current mood. Pain 110: 512–516.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Vlaeyen, J. W. S., and Morley, S. (2005). Cognitive-behavioral treatments for chronic pain: what works for whom? Clinical Journal of Pain 21: 1–8.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Timmermans, C., Rodriguez, L. M., Crombez, G., van Horne, W., Ayers, G. M., Albert, A., and Wellens, H. J. (2004b). Catastrophic thinking about pain increases discomfort during internal atrial cardioversion. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 56: 139–144.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Vowles, K. E., and Gross, R. T. (2003). Work-related beliefs about injury and physical capability for work in individuals with chronic pain. Pain 101: 291–298.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Waddell, G. (2004a). The biopsychosocial model. In: G. Waddel (Ed.), The Back Pain Revolution. Churchill Livingston, Edinburgh, pp. 265–282.
Google Scholar
Waddell, G. (2004b). The epidemiology of back pain. In: G. Waddell (Ed.), The Back Pain Revolution. Churchill Livingston, Edinburgh, pp. 71–89.
Google Scholar
Waddell, G., Newton, M., Henderson, I., Somerville, D., and Main, C. J. (1993). A Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ) and the role of fear-avoidance beliefs in chronic low back pain and disability. Pain 52: 157–168.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wall, P. D. (1979). On the relation of injury to pain. The John J. Bonica lecture. Pain 6: 253–264.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wittink, H., Hoskins Michel, T., Wagner, A., Sukiennik, A., and Rogers, W. (2000). Deconditioning in patients with chronic low back pain: fact or fiction? Spine 25: 2221–2228.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wittink, H., Michel, T. H., Sukiennik, A., Gascon, C., and Rogers, W. (2002). The association of pain with aerobic fitness in patients with chronic low back pain. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 83: 1467–1471.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Woby, S. R., Watson, P. J., Roach, N. K., and Urmston, M. (2004a). Adjustment to chronic low back pain—the relative influence of fear-avoidance beliefs, catastrophizing, and appraisals of control. Behav. Res. Ther. 42: 761–774.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Woby, S. R., Watson, P. J., Roach, N. K., and Urmston, M. (2004b). Are changes in fear-avoidance beliefs, catastrophizing, and appraisals of control, predictive of changes in chronic low back pain and disability? European J. Pain 8: 201–210.
Google Scholar
Zvolensky, M. J., Goodie, J. L., McNeil, D. W., Sperry, J. A., and Sorrell, J. T. (2001). Anxiety sensitivity in the prediction of pain-related fear and anxiety in a heterogeneous chronic pain population. 39: 683–696.