Abstract
Identifying transdiagnostic mechanisms that relate to nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), the intentional destruction of one’s own body tissue without suicidal intent and for purposes not culturally or socially sanctioned, is critical for the development and further refinement of NSSI-focused interventions. Accordingly, the present study aimed to characterize potential roles for anhedonia, repetitive negative thinking, and trait mindfulness as they relate to history of NSSI, NSSI urge-to-action, and NSSI functions. We hypothesized that these variables would relate to NSSI, NSSI urge-to-action, and explored correlations with functions of NSSI: interpersonal (i.e., reinforcement is social) and intrapersonal (e.g., reinforcement is self-focused) functions. Results indicated that greater anhedonia was related to history of NSSI. Among participants who reported history of NSSI, lower levels of trait mindfulness were associated with less time spent between NSSI urge and NSSI action. Finally, amongst participants who reported history of NSSI, interpersonal functions of NSSI were positively correlated with greater anhedonia, while intrapersonal NSSI function was positively correlated with higher levels of repetitive negative thinking, suggesting potential differential mechanisms that may contribute to the maintenance of NSSI. This work highlights transdiagnostic mechanisms that relate to history of NSSI, NSSI urge-to-action latency, and potential differential correlates of NSSI functions.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
Depression and anhedonia were both included in the model as previous work has demonstrated that they are related though separate constructs (e.g., Franklin, Rassin, & Muris, 2007). In our sample, the BDI-II and SHAPS were moderately correlated (p=-.32). Statistically, there is a small amount of variance that may overlap with the BDI-II “loss of pleasure,” “loss of interest,” and “loss of interest in sex” items; Thus, we conducted an analysis with a new adjusted variable (BDI-II total score minus 3 loss of pleasure/interest items). Results with the new adjusted variable were nearly identical to the results with BDI-II total scores. In order to stay consistent with the current literature using the BDI-II, the results are presented with the BDI-II total score in the manuscript.
Adjusted results are presented below:
Anhedonia was the only significant association of NSSI, B=-0.14, Wald = 6.05, p = .01. The final model accounted for 19.3% of the variance in NSSI, Nagelkerke R2 = 0.19, χ2(1, N = 79) = 12.35, p = .03. Anhedonia was not significantly associated with time elapsed between NSSI urge and action (ps = 0.80), nor did it significantly contribute to the final model (ΔR2 = 0.02, p = .49).
References
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. American Psychiatric Association.
Andover, M. S., Morris, B. W., Wren, A., & Bruzzese, M. E. (2012). The co-occurrence of non-suicidal self-injury and attempted suicide among adolescents: Distinguishing risk factors and psychosocial correlates. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 6, 11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1753-2000-6-11.
Andrews, T., Martin, G., Hasking, P., & Page, A. (2013). Predictors of Continuation and Cessation of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53(1), 40–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.01.009.
Arditte, K. A., Shaw, A. M., & Timpano, K. R. (2016). Repetitive negative thinking: A Transdiagnostic Correlate of Affective disorders. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 35(3), 181–201. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2016.35.3.181.
Arnett, J. J., Žukauskienė, R., & Sugimura, K. (2014). The new life stage of emerging adulthood at ages 18–29 years: Implications for mental health. The Lancet Psychiatry, 1(7), 569–576. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(14)00080-7.
Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006). Using Self-Report Assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 13(1), 27–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191105283504.
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. (1996). Beck depression inventory–II. Psychological assessment.
Bentley, K. H., Nock, M. K., & Barlow, D. H. (2014). The four-function model of nonsuicidal self-injury: Key directions for future research. Clinical Psychological Science, 2, 638–656. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702613514563.
Bentley, K. H., Cassiello-Robbins, C. F., Vittorio, L., Sauer-Zavala, S., & Barlow, D. H. (2015). The association between nonsuicidal self-injury and the emotional disorders: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 37, 72–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2015.02.006.
Bettis, A. H., Benningfield, M. M., Dao, A., Dickey, L., Pegg, S., Venanzi, L., & Kujawa, A. (2022). Self-injurious thoughts and behaviors and alterations in positive valence systems: A systematic review of the literature. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 156, 579–593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.10.033.
Bock, R. C., Berghoff, C. R., Baker, L. D., Tull, M. T., & Gratz, K. L. (2021). The relation of anxiety to Nonsuicidal Self Injury is Indirect through Mindfulness. Mindfulness, 12(8), 2022–2033. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-021-01660-2.
Brausch, A. M., & Gutierrez, P. M. (2010). Differences in Non-suicidal Self-Injury and suicide attempts in adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(3), 233–242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-009-9482-0.
Brown, M. Z., Comtois, K. A., & Linehan, M. M. (2002). Reasons for suicide attempts and nonsuicidal self-injury in women with borderline personality disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111(1), 198–202. https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-843x.111.1.198.
Carlton, C. N., Antezana, L., Garcia, K. M., Sullivan-Toole, H., & Richey, J. A. (2022). Mindfulness-based stress reduction specifically improves Social Anhedonia among adults with chronic stress. Affective Science, 3(1), 145–159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42761-021-00085-3.
Carpenter, J. K., Conroy, K., Gomez, A. F., Curren, L. C., & Hofmann, S. G. (2019). The relationship between trait mindfulness and affective symptoms: A meta-analysis of the five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ). Clinical Psychology Review, 74, 101785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2019.101785.
Case, J. A. C., Mattoni, M., & Olino, T. M. (2021). Examining the Neurobiology of Non-suicidal Self-Injury in Children and adolescents: The role of reward responsivity. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10(16). https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10163561. Article 16.
Chapman, A. L., Gratz, K. L., & Brown, M. Z. (2006). Solving the puzzle of deliberate self-harm: The experiential avoidance model. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(3), 371–394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.03.005.
Cohen, J. N., Stange, J. P., Hamilton, J. L., Burke, T. A., Jenkins, A., Ong, M. L., Heimberg, R. G., Abramson, L. Y., & Alloy, L. B. (2015). The interaction of affective states and cognitive vulnerabilities in the prediction of non-suicidal self-injury. Cognition and Emotion, 29(3), 539–547. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2014.918872.
Coleman, S. E., Dunlop, B. J., Hartley, S., & Taylor, P. J. (2022). The relationship between rumination and NSSI: A systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61(2), 405–443. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12350.
Craske, M. G., Meuret, A. E., Ritz, T., Treanor, M., Dour, H., & Rosenfield, D. (2019). Positive affect treatment for depression and anxiety: A randomized clinical trial for a core feature of anhedonia. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 87(5), 457.
Craske, M. G., Meuret, A. E., Echiverri-Cohen, A., Rosenfield, D., & Ritz, T. (2023). Positive affect treatment targets reward sensitivity: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology.
Cuthbert, B. N., & Insel, T. R. (2013). Toward the future of psychiatric diagnosis: The seven pillars of RDoC. BMC Medicine, 11(1), 126. https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-11-126.
Der-Avakian, A., & Markou, A. (2012). The neurobiology of anhedonia and other reward-related deficits. Trends in Neurosciences, 35(1), 68–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2011.11.005.
Dillon, D. G., Rosso, I. M., Pechtel, P., Killgore, W. D. S., Rauch, S. L., & Pizzagalli, D. A. (2014). Peril and pleasure: An rdoc-inspired examination of threat responses and reward Processing in anxiety and depression. Depression and Anxiety, 31(3), 233–249. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22202.
Ehring, T., & Watkins, E. R. (2008). Repetitive negative thinking as a Transdiagnostic process. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 1(3), 192–205. https://doi.org/10.1521/ijct.2008.1.3.192.
Favazza, A. R. (1989). Why patients mutilate themselves. Hospital & Community Psychiatry, 40(2), 137–145. https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.40.2.137.
Fox, K. R., Franklin, J. C., Ribeiro, J. D., Kleiman, E. M., Bentley, K. H., & Nock, M. K. (2015). Meta-analysis of risk factors for nonsuicidal self-injury. Clinical Psychology Review, 42, 156–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2015.09.002.
Gao, M. (Miranda), Ostlund, B., Brown, M. A., Kaliush, P. R., Terrell, S., Vlisides-Henry, R. D., Raby, K. L., Crowell, S. E., & Conradt, E. (Eds.). (2021). Prenatal maternal transdiagnostic, RDoC-informed predictors of newborn neurobehavior: Differences by sex. Development and Psychopathology, 33(5), 1554–1565. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579420002266.
Garisch, J. A., & Wilson, M. S. (2015). Prevalence, correlates, and prospective predictors of non-suicidal self-injury among New Zealand adolescents: Cross-sectional and longitudinal survey data. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 9(1), 28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-015-0055-6.
Garvey, M., Avenevoli, S., & Anderson, K. (2016). The National Institute of Mental Health Research Domain Criteria and Clinical Research in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 55(2), 93–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2015.11.002.
Gatto, A. J., Miyazaki, Y., & Cooper, L. D. (2022). Help me help myself: Examining an electronic mental health self-monitoring system in college students. Higher Education, 83(1), 163–182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-020-00646-8.
Gatto, A. J., Elliott, T. J., Briganti, J. S., Stamper, M. J., Porter, N. D., Brown, A. M., Harden, S. M., Cooper, L. D., & Dunsmore, J. C. (2022a). Development and feasibility of an online brief emotion regulation training (BERT) Program for emerging adults. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 858370. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.858370.
Gong, T., Ren, Y., Wu, J., Jiang, Y., Hu, W., & You, J. (2019). The associations among self-criticism, hopelessness, rumination, and NSSI in adolescents: A moderated mediation model. Journal of Adolescence, 72, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.01.007.
Gratz, K. L. (2001). Measurement of deliberate self-harm: Preliminary data on the deliberate self-harm inventory. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 23, 253–263. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012779403943.
Hasking, P., & Claes, L. (2020). Transdiagnostic mechanisms involved in nonsuicidal self-injury, risky drinking and disordered eating: Impulsivity, emotion regulation and alexithymia. Journal of American College Health, 68(6), 603–609. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2019.1583661.
Hasking, P., Boyes, M. E., Finlay-Jones, A., McEvoy, P. M., & Rees, C. S. (2019). Common pathways to NSSI and suicide ideation: The roles of Rumination and Self-Compassion. Archives of Suicide Research, 23(2), 247–260. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2018.1468836.
Heath, N. L., Carsley, D., De Riggi, M. E., Mills, D., & Mettler, J. (2016). The relationship between mindfulness, depressive symptoms, and Non-suicidal Self-Injury Amongst adolescents. Archives of Suicide Research, 20(4), 635–649. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2016.1162243.
Hoff, E. R., & Muehlenkamp, J. J. (2009). Nonsuicidal self-injury in college students: The role of perfectionism and rumination. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 39(6), 576–587. https://doi.org/10.1521/suli.2009.39.6.576.
Insel, T., Cuthbert, B., Garvey, M., Heinssen, R., Pine, D. S., Quinn, K., Sanislow, C., & Wang, P. (2010). Research domain criteria (RDoC): Toward a new classification framework for research on mental disorders. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 167(7), 748–751. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09091379.
Kleindienst, N., Bohus, M., Ludäscher, P., Limberger, M. F., Kuenkele, K., Ebner-Priemer, U. W., Chapman, A. L., Reicherzer, M., Stieglitz, R. D., & Schmahl, C. (2008). Motives for Nonsuicidal Self-Injury among Women with Borderline personality disorder. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 196(3), 230. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181663026.
Klonsky, E. D. (2007). The functions of deliberate self-injury: A review of the evidence. Clinical Psychology Review, 27(2), 226–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2006.08.002.
Klonsky, E. D. (2011). Non-suicidal self-injury in United States adults: Prevalence, sociodemographics, topography and functions. Psychological Medicine, 41(9), 1981–1986. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291710002497.
Klonsky, E. D., & Glenn, C. R. (2009). Assessing the functions of non-suicidal Self-injury: Psychometric properties of the inventory of statements about self-injury (ISAS). Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 31(3), 215–219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-008-9107-z.
Klonsky, E. D., & Olino, T. M. (2008). Identifying clinically distinct subgroups of self-injurers among young adults: A latent class analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 22–27. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.76.1.22.
Klonsky, E. D., Victor, S. E., & Saffer, B. Y. (2014). Nonsuicidal Self-Injury: What we know, and what we need to know. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 59(11), 565–568. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674371405901101.
Klonsky, E. D., Glenn, C. R., Styer, D. M., Olino, T. M., & Washburn, J. J. (2015). The functions of nonsuicidal self-injury: Converging evidence for a two-factor structure. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 9(1), 44. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-015-0073-4.
Krantz, L. H., McMain, S., & Kuo, J. R. (2018). The unique contribution of acceptance without judgment in predicting nonsuicidal self-injury after 20-weeks of dialectical behaviour therapy group skills training. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 104, 44–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2018.02.006.
Kranzler, A., Fehling, K. B., Lindqvist, J., Brillante, J., Yuan, F., Gao, X., Miller, A. L., & Selby, E. A. (2018). An Ecological Investigation of the emotional context surrounding nonsuicidal self-injurious thoughts and behaviors in adolescents and young adults. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 48(2), 149–159. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12373.
Kuentzel, J. G., Arble, E., Boutros, N., Chugani, D., & Barnett, D. (2012). Nonsuicidal Self-Injury in an ethnically diverse College Sample. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 82(3), 291–297. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.2012.01167.x.
Lin, Y., Fisher, M. E., Roberts, S. M. M., & Moser, J. S. (2016). Deconstructing the Emotion Regulatory Properties of Mindfulness: An Electrophysiological Investigation. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2016.00451.
Liu, R. T. (2023). The epidemiology of non-suicidal self-injury: Lifetime prevalence, sociodemographic and clinical correlates, and treatment use in a nationally representative sample of adults in England. Psychological Medicine, 53(1), 274–282. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329172100146X.
Lutz, J., Herwig, U., Opialla, S., Hittmeyer, A., Jäncke, L., Rufer, M., Holtforth, G., M., & Brühl, A. B. (2014). Mindfulness and emotion regulation—An fMRI study. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 9(6), 776–785. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nst043.
Mahoney, A. E. J., McEvoy, P. M., & Moulds, M. L. (2012). Psychometric properties of the repetitive thinking questionnaire in a clinical sample. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26(2), 359–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.12.003.
Mathew, A. S., Davine, T. P., Snorrason, I., Houghton, D. C., Woods, D. W., & Lee, H. J. (2020). Body-focused repetitive behaviors and non-suicidal self-injury: A comparison of clinical characteristics and symptom features. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 124, 115–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.02.020.
McEvoy, P. M., Mahoney, A. E. J., & Moulds, M. L. (2010). Are worry, rumination, and post-event processing one and the same? Development of the repetitive thinking questionnaire. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24(5), 509–519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.03.008.
McKenzie, K. C., & Gross, J. J. (2014). Nonsuicidal Self-Injury: An emotion regulation perspective. Psychopathology, 47(4), 207–219. https://doi.org/10.1159/000358097.
McLaughlin, L. E., Luberto, C. M., O’Bryan, E. M., Kraemer, K. M., & McLeish, A. C. (2019). The indirect effect of positive affect in the relationship between trait mindfulness and emotion dysregulation. Personality and Individual Differences, 145, 70–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.03.020.
Mennies, R. J., Stewart, L. C., & Olino, T. M. (2021). The relationship between executive functioning and repetitive negative thinking in youth: A systematic review of the literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 88, 102050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102050.
Mennin, D. S., & Fresco, D. M. (2013). What, me worry and ruminate about DSM-5 and RDoC? The importance of targeting negative self-referential Processing. Clinical Psychology: A Publication of the Division of Clinical Psychology of the American Psychological Association, 20(3), 258–267. https://doi.org/10.1111/cpsp.12038.
Muehlenkamp, J. J., & Gutierrez, P. M. (2007). Risk for suicide attempts among adolescents who engage in non-suicidal self-injury. Archives of Suicide Research: Official Journal of the International Academy for Suicide Research, 11(1), 69–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811110600992902.
Nagy, G. A., Cernasov, P., Pisoni, A., Walsh, E., Dichter, G. S., & Smoski, M. J. (2020). Reward network modulation as a mechanism of change in behavioral activation. Behavior Modification, 44(2), 186–213.
Nagy, L. M., Shanahan, M. L., & Seaford, S. P. (2023). Nonsuicidal self-injury and rumination: A meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 79(1), 7–27. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.23394.
Nicolai, K. A., Wielgus, M. D., & Mezulis, A. (2016). Identifying risk for Self-Harm: Rumination and negative affectivity in the prospective prediction of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 46(2), 223–233. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12186.
Nixon, M. K., Cloutier, P. F., & Aggarwal, S. (2002). Affect regulation and addictive aspects of repetitive Self-Injury in Hospitalized adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 41(11), 1333–1341. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200211000-00015.
Nock, M. K., & Favazza, A. R. (2009). Nonsuicidal self-injury: Definition and classification. In Understanding nonsuicidal self-injury: Origins, assessment, and treatment (pp. 9–18). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/11875-001.
Nock, M. K., & Prinstein, M. J. (2004). A functional approach to the assessment of self-mutilative behavior. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(5), 885–890. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.72.5.885.
Nock, M. K., & Prinstein, M. J. (2005). Contextual features and behavioral functions of self-mutilation among adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114(1), 140–146. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.114.1.140.
Nusslock, R., & Alloy, L. B. (2017). Reward processing and mood-related symptoms: An RDoC and translational neuroscience perspective. Journal of Affective Disorders, 216, 3–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.02.001.
Olino, T. M., McMakin, D. L., & Forbes, E. E. (2018). Toward an empirical multidimensional structure of anhedonia, reward sensitivity, and positive emotionality: An exploratory factor analytic study. Assessment, 25, 679–690. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191116680291.
Pedrelli, P., Nyer, M., Yeung, A., Zulauf, C., & Wilens, T. (2015). College students: Mental Health problems and treatment considerations. Academic Psychiatry, 39(5), 503–511. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40596-014-0205-9.
Per, M., Schmelefske, E., Brophy, K., Austin, S. B., & Khoury, B. (2022). Mindfulness, Self-compassion, Self-injury, and suicidal thoughts and behaviors: A correlational Meta-analysis. Mindfulness, 13(4), 821–842. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-021-01815-1.
Pizzagalli, D. A. (2022). Toward a better understanding of the mechanisms and Pathophysiology of Anhedonia: Are we ready for translation? American Journal of Psychiatry, 179(7), 458–469. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.20220423.
Polanco-Roman, L., Jurska, J., Quiñones, V., & Miranda, R. (2015). Brooding, Reflection, and distraction: Relation to Non-suicidal Self-Injury versus suicide attempts. Archives of Suicide Research: Official Journal of the International Academy for Suicide Research, 19(3), 350–365. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2014.981623.
Rees, C. S., Hasking, P., Breen, L. J., Lipp, O. V., & Mamotte, C. (2015). Group mindfulness based cognitive therapy vs group support for self-injury among young people: Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Bmc Psychiatry, 15(1), 154. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-015-0527-5.
Rizvi, S. J., Quilty, L. C., Sproule, B. A., Cyriac, A., Bagby, M., R., & Kennedy, S. H. (2015). Development and validation of the Dimensional Anhedonia Rating Scale (DARS) in a community sample and individuals with major depression. Psychiatry Research, 229(1–2), 109–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2015.07.062.
Rizvi, S. J., Pizzagalli, D. A., Sproule, B. A., & Kennedy, S. H. (2016). Assessing anhedonia in depression: Potentials and pitfalls. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 65, 21–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.004.
Rosario-Williams, B., & Miranda, R. (2023). Prospective relation between ruminative subtypes and suicide ideation: Moderating role of Problem solving. Cognitive Therapy and Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-023-10373-w.
Sauder, C. L., Derbidge, C. M., & Beauchaine, T. P. (2016). Neural responses to monetary incentives among self-injuring adolescent girls. Development and Psychopathology, 28(1), 277–291. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579415000449.
Schuman-Olivier, Z., Trombka, M., Lovas, D. A., Brewer, J. A., Vago, D. R., Gawande, R., Dunne, J. P., Lazar, S. W., Loucks, E. B., & Fulwiler, C. (2020). Mindfulness and Behavior Change. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 28(6), 371–394. https://doi.org/10.1097/HRP.0000000000000277.
Scott, L. N., Victor, S. E., Kaufman, E. A., Beeney, J. E., Byrd, A. L., Vine, V., Pilkonis, P. A., & Stepp, S. D. (2020). Affective Dynamics Across Internalizing and externalizing dimensions of psychopathology. Clinical Psychological Science, 8(3), 412–427. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702619898802.
Selby, E. A., Anestis, M. D., & Joiner, T. E. (2008). Understanding the relationship between emotional and behavioral dysregulation: Emotional cascades. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46(5), 593–611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2008.02.002.
Selby, E. A., Connell, L. D., & Joiner, T. E. (2010). The pernicious blend of rumination and fearlessness in Non-suicidal Self-Injury. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 34(5), 421–428. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-009-9260-z.
Selby, E. A., Franklin, J., Carson-Wong, A., & Rizvi, S. L. (2013). Emotional cascades and Self-Injury: Investigating instability of rumination and negative emotion. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(12), 1213–1227. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.21966.
Selby, E. A., Kranzler, A., Panza, E., & Rutgers, K. B. F. (2016). Bidirectional-compounding effects of Rumination and negative emotion in Predicting Impulsive Behavior: Implications for emotional cascades. Journal of Personality, 84(2), 139–153. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12147.
Smith, N. B., Kouros, C. D., & Meuret, A. E. (2014). The role of trauma symptoms in nonsuicidal self-injury. Trauma Violence & Abuse, 15, 41–56. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838013496332.
Snaith, R. P., Hamilton, M., Morley, S., Humayan, A., Hargreaves, D., & Trigwell, P. (1995). A scale for the Assessment of Hedonic Tone the Snaith–Hamilton pleasure scale. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 167(1), 99–103. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.167.1.99.
Spielberger, C. D. (1983). State-trait anxiety inventory for adults.
Swannell, S. V., Martin, G. E., Page, A., Hasking, P., & John, N. J. S. (2014). Prevalence of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury in Nonclinical samples: Systematic review, Meta-analysis and Meta-regression. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 44(3), 273–303. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12070.
Taylor, C. T., Lyubomirsky, S., & Stein, M. B. (2017). Upregulating the positive affect system in anxiety and depression: Outcomes of a positive activity intervention. Depression and Anxiety, 34(3), 267–280.
Tsypes, A., Owens, M., Hajcak, G., & Gibb, B. E. (2018). Neural reward responsiveness in children who engage in nonsuicidal self-injury: An ERP study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 59(12), 1289–1297. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12919.
Valderrama, J., Miranda, R., & Jeglic, E. (2016). Ruminative subtypes and impulsivity in risk for suicidal behavior. Psychiatry Research, 236, 15–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.01.008.
Vega, D., Ripollés, P., Soto, À., Torrubia, R., Ribas, J., Monreal, J. A., Pascual, J. C., Salvador, R., Pomarol-Clotet, E., Rodríguez-Fornells, A., & Marco-Pallarés, J. (2018). Orbitofrontal overactivation in reward processing in borderline personality disorder: The role of non-suicidal self-injury. Brain Imaging and Behavior, 12(1), 217–228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11682-017-9687-x.
Victor, S. E., Scott, L. N., Stepp, S. D., & Goldstein, T. R. (2019). I want you to want me: Interpersonal stress and affective experiences as within-person predictors of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury and suicide urges in Daily Life. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 49(4), 1157–1177. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12513.
Voon, D., Hasking, P., & Martin, G. (2014). The roles of emotion regulation and ruminative thoughts in non-suicidal self-injury. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 53(1), 95–113. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12030.
Whitlock, J., Muehlenkamp, J., Purington, A., Eckenrode, J., Barreira, P., Baral Abrams, G., Marchell, T., Kress, V., Girard, K., Chin, C., & Knox, K. (2011). Nonsuicidal self-injury in a College Population: General trends and Sex differences. Journal of American College Health, 59(8), 691–698. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2010.529626.
Woody, M. L., & Gibb, B. E. (2015). Integrating NIMH Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) into Depression Research. Current Opinion in Psychology, 4, 6–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.01.004.
Yusainy, C., & Lawrence, C. (2014). Relating mindfulness and self-control to harm to the self and to others. Personality and Individual Differences, 64, 78–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.02.015.
Zielinski, M. J., Veilleux, J. C., Winer, E. S., & Nadorff, M. R. (2017). A short-term longitudinal examination of the relations between depression, anhedonia, and self-injurious thoughts and behaviors in adults with a history of self-injury. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 73, 187–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.11.013.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Antezana, L., Garcia, K.M., Carlton, C.N. et al. Transdiagnostic Correlates of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury: The Roles of Anhedonia, Repetitive Negative Thinking, and Trait Mindfulness. J Psychopathol Behav Assess (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-024-10130-7
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-024-10130-7