Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Longitudinal Relationships between Family Functioning and Children’s Conduct Problems: The Moderating Role of Attentional Control Indexed by Intraindividual Response Time Variability

  • Published:
Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Previous studies have examined the associations among the family environment, children’s attentional control indexed by intraindividual reaction time variability (IIRTV), and externalizing problems, and they have mainly focused on between-child comparisons. However, few studies have explored within-child associations among the family environment, IIRTV, and children’s externalizing problems, especially for conduct problems. The present study examined how children’s attentional control indexed by IIRTV and family functioning jointly predict Chinese children’s conduct problems from ages 6 to 9 years old at the within- and between-child levels.Two hundred thirty-six elementary school children and their parents participated in this longitudinal study, and data were collected when the children were in grade 1, grade 2, and grade 3. Elementary school children completed the go/no-go task to assess their IIRTV. Children’s parents completed the Chinese versions of the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Scale (FACES II-CV) and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ-CV) to assess family functioning and conduct problems, respectively.Multilevel models indicated that within-child changes in conduct problems were negatively correlated with within-child changes in family functioning. Moreover, both IIRTV and its interaction with family functioning significantly predicted individual differences in the development of conduct problems. Poor family functioning and attentional control indexed by greater IIRTV are stronger predictors of conduct problems, while better attentional control indexed by lower IIRTV could buffer the adverse effects of a poor family environment.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. \({\mathrm{IIRTV}}_{ij}\) and \({\mathrm{family}}_{ij}\) are the values of IIRTV and family function for child i at time j. \(\overline{{\mathrm{IIRTV}}_{{i}^{}}}\) and \(\overline{{\mathrm{family}}_{{i}^{}}}\) are the average values of IIRTV and family functioning for child i across all three time points.

  2. \(\overline{{\mathrm{IIRTV}}_{j}}\) and \(\overline{\mathrm{{family}}_{j}}\) are the average values of IIRTV and family functioning across all children and all time points.

References

  • Abu-Rayya, H. M., & Yang, B. (2012). Unhealthy family functioning as a psychological context underlying Australian children's emotional and behavioural problems. Internet Journal of Mental Health, 8(1), 1–8.

  • Adamo, N., Hodsoll, J., Asherson, P., Buitelaar, J. K., & Kuntsi, J. (2019). Ex-Gaussian, frequency and reward analyses reveal specificity of reaction time fluctuations to ADHD and not autism traits. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 47, 557–567. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-018-0457-z

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Sage Publications Inc.

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5). Author.

  • Andreas, J. B., & Watson, M. W. (2009). Moderating effects of family environment on the association between children’s aggressive beliefs and their aggression trajectories from childhood to adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 21(1), 189–205. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954579409000121

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Barroso, N. E., Mendez, L., Graziano, P. A., & Bagner, D. M. (2018). Parenting stress through the lens of different clinical groups: A systematic review & meta-analysis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 46, 449–461. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-017-0313-6

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, A., Hammerton, G., Fraser, A., Fairchild, G., & Halligan, S. L. (2021). Associations between developmental timing of child abuse and conduct problem trajectories in a UK birth cohort. BMC Psychiatry, 21, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03083-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bellgrove, M. A., Hester, R., & Garavan, H. (2004). The functional neuroanatomical correlates of response variability: Evidence from a response inhibition task. Neuropsychologia, 42, 1910–1916. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2004.05.007

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bielak, A. A., Hultsch, D. F., Strauss, E., Macdonald, S. W., & Hunter, M. A. (2010). Intraindividual variability in reaction time predicts cognitive outcomes 5 years later. Neuropsychology, 24, 731–741. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019802

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bolger, N., & Laurenceau, J. P. (2013). Intensive longitudinal methods: An introduction to diary and experience sampling methods. New York, NY: Guildford.

  • Bronfenbrenner, U. (1997). The ecology of human development. Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brunnekreef, A. J., De Sonneville, L. M. J., Althaus, M., Minderaa, R. B., Oldehinkel, A. J., Verhulst, F. C., & Ormel, J. (2007). Information processing profiles of internalizing and externalizing behavior problems: Evidence from a population-based sample of preadolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48(2), 185–193. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01695.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burton, C. L., Strauss, E., Hultsch, D. F., Moll, A., & Hunter, M. A. (2006). Intraindividual variability as a marker of neurological dysfunction: A comparison of Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 28, 67–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2014.903898

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Capron, C., Thérond, C., & Duyme, M. (2007). Psychometric properties of the french version of the self-report and teacher strengths and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ). European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 23(2), 79–88. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.23.2.79

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Castellanos, F. X., & Tannock, R. (2002). Neuroscience of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: The search for endophenotypes. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 3, 617–628. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn896

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cicchetti, D. (2008). A multiple-levels-of-analysis perspective on research in development and psychopathology. In T. Beauchaine & S. Hinshaw (Eds.), Child and adolescent psychopathology (pp. 27–57). John Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, A. L., & Critchley, C. (2016). Impact of choice of coping strategies and family functioning on psychosocial function of young people with epilepsy. Epilepsy & Behavior, 59, 50–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.02.035

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coe, J. L., Davies, P. T., & Sturge-Apple, M. L. (2018). Family cohesion and enmeshment moderate associations between maternal relationship instability and children’s externalizing problems. Journal of Family Psychology, 32, 289–298. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000346

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 155–159. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cummlings, E. M., Davies, P. T., & Campbell, S. B. (2002). Developmental psychopathology and family process: Theory, research, and clinical implications. The Guilford.

  • Curran, P. J., & Bauer, D. J. (2011). The disaggregation of within-person and between-person effects in longitudinal models of change. Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 583–619. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100356

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dodge, K. A., Coie, J. D., & Lynam, D. (2006). Aggression and antisocial behavior in youth, In W Damon (Series editor) & N Eisenberg (Volume editor), Handbook of child psychology: Social, emotional, and personality development (Vol. 3, pp. 719–788). Toronto: Wiley.

  • Doshi, J. A., Hodgkins, P., Kahle, J., Sikrica, V., Cangelosi, M. J., Setyawan, J., & Neumann, P. J. (2012). Economic impact of childhood and adult attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the United States. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 51, 990–1002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2012.07.008

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Douglas, V. I. (1999). Cognitive control processes in attention-defificit/hyperactivity disorder. In H. C. Quay & A. E. Hogan (Eds.), Handbook of disruptive behavior disorders (pp. 105–138). Plenum.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Duckworth, A. L., Tsukayama, E., & May, H. (2010). Establishing causality using longitudinal hierarchical linear modeling: An illustration predicting achievement from self-control. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 1, 311–317. https://doi.org/10.1177/194855060935707

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Guthrie, I. K., & Reiser, M. (2000). Dispositional emotionality and regulation: Their role in predicting quality of social functioning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(1), 136–157. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.78.1.136

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eisenberg, N., Guthrie, I. K., Fabes, R. A., Shepard, S., Losoya, S., Murphy, B., & Reiser, M. (2000). Prediction of elementary school children’s externalizing problem behaviors from attentional and behavioral regulation and negative emotionality. Child Development, 71, 1367–1382. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00233

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • El-Sheikh, M., & Buckhalt, J. A. (2003). Parental problem drinking and children’s adjustment: Attachment and family functioning as moderators and mediators of risk. Journal of Family Psychology, 17(4), 510–520. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.17.4.510

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Enders, C. K. (2010). Applied missing data analysis. Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Engle, R. W., & Kane, M. J. (2004). Executive attention, working memory capacity, and a two-factor theory of cognitive control. Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 44(3), 145–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-7421(03)44005-X

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eriksen, B. A., & Eriksen, C. W. (1974). Effects of noise letters upon the identification of a target letter in a nonsearch task. Perception and Psychophysics, 16(1), 143–149. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03203267

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Esterman, M., Noonan, S. K., Rosenberg, M., & Degutis, J. (2013). In the zone or zoning out? Tracking behavioral and neural fluctuations during sustained attention. Cerebral Cortex, 23(11), 2712–2723. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhs261

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fair, D. A., Bathula, D., Nikolas, M. A., & Nigg, J. T. (2012). Distinct neuropsychological subgroups in typically developing youth inform heterogeneity in children with ADHD. PNAS, 109(17), 6769–6774. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1115365109

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fanti, K. A., Hellfeldt, K., Colins, O. F., Meehan, A., Andershed, A.-K., & Andershed, H. (2019). Worried, sad, and breaking rules? Understanding the developmental interrelations among symptoms of anxiety, depression, and conduct problems during early childhood. Journal of Criminal Justice, 62, 23–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2018.09.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fassbender, C., Lesh, T. A., Ursu, S., & Salo, R. (2015). Reaction time variability and related brain activity in methamphetamine psychosis. Biological Psychiatry, 77(5), 465–474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.07.028

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fei, L., Zheng, Y., & Zou, D. (1999). Chinese version of family adaptability and cohesion evaluation scale. In X. D. Wang (Ed.), Handbook of mental health assessment scale (Enlarged ed., pp. 142–149). Chinese Mental Health Journal.

  • Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., & Ridder, E. M. (2005). Show me the child at seven: The consequences of conduct problems in childhood for psychosocial functioning in adulthood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46(8), 837–849. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00387.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Foster, E. M., Jones, D. E., & The Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group. (2005). The high costs of aggression: Public expenditures resulting from conduct disorder. American Journal of Public Health, 95, 1767–1772. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2004.061424

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gao, X., & Huang, Y. (2008). The etiology research progress of children’s and adolescents’ conduct disorder. Journal of International Psychiatry, 35(3), 54–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gazelle, H., & Ladd, G. W. (2003). Anxious solitude and peer exclusion: A diathesis-stress model of internalizing trajectories in childhood. Child Development, 74(1), 257–278. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00534

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • George, C., Herman, K. C., & Ostrander, R. (2006). The Family Environment and Developmental Psychopathology: The Unique and Interactive Effects of Depression, Attention, and Conduct Problems. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 37(2), 163–177. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-006-0026-5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert, R., Christensen, A., & Margolin, G. (1984). Patterns of alliances in nondistressed and multiproblem families. Family Process, 23, 75–87. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.1984.00075.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goodman, R. (1997). The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: a research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 38, 581–586. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.ep9709033852

  • Henneberger, A. K., Varga, S. M., Moudy, A., & Tolan, P. H. (2014). Family functioning and high risk adolescents’ aggressive behavior: Examining effects by ethnicity. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 45(1), 145–155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-014-0222-8

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, L. (2015). Longitudinal analysis: Modeling within-person fluctuation and change. Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, L., & Stawski, R. S. (2009). Persons as contexts: Evaluating between-person and within-person effects in longitudinal analysis. Research in Human Development, 6, 97–120. https://doi.org/10.1080/15427600902911189

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Isbell, E., Calkins, S. D., Swingler, M. M., & Leerkes, E. M. (2018). Attentional fluctuations in preschoolers: Direct and indirect relations with task accuracy, academic readiness, and school performance. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 167, 388–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2017.11.013

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ji, L. Q., & Zhang, W. X. (2007). Progress and new advances in the development of children’s aggression. Psychological Development and Education, 02, 122–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, V. K. (2003). Linking changes in whole family functioning and children’s externalizing behavior across the elementary school years. Journal of Family Psychology, 17(4), 499–509. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.17.4.499

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, V. K., Cowan, P. A., & Cowan, C. P. (1999). Children’s classroom behavior: The unique contribution of family organization. Journal of Family Psychology, 13(3), 355–371. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.13.3.355

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jordan, P. L., & Morton, J. B. (2008). Flankers facilitate 3-year-olds’ performance in a card-sorting task. Developmental Psychology, 44(1), 265–274. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.44.1.265

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karalunas, S. L., Geurts, H. M., Konrad, K., Bender, S., & Nigg, J. T. (2014). Annual Research Review: Reaction time variability in ADHD and autism spectrum disorders: Measurement and mechanisms of a proposed transdiagnostic phenotype. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55(6), 685–710. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12217

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kilgore, K., Snyder, J., & Lentz, C. (2000). The contribution of parental discipline, parental monitoring, and school risk to early-onset conduct problems in African American boys and girls. Developmental Psychology, 36(6), 835–845. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.36.6.835

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, J., & Deater-Deckard, K. (2011). Dynamic changes in anger, externalizing and internalizing problems: Attention and regulation. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52, 156–166. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02301.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kofler, M. J., Rapport, M. D., Sarver, D. E., Raiker, J. S., Orban, S. A., Friedman, L. M., & Kolomeyer, E. G. (2013). Reaction time variability in ADHD: A meta-analytic review of 319 studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(6), 795–811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2013.06.001

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krukow, P., Szaniawska, O., Harciarekc, M., Plechawska-Wójcikd, M., & Jonak, K. (2017). Cognitive inconsistency in bipolar patients is determined by increased intraindividual variability in initial phase of task performance. Journal of Affective Disorders, 210, 222–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.12.050

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lahey, B. B., Schwab-Stone, M., Goodman, S. H., Waldman, I. D., Canino, G., Rathouz, P. J., & Jensen, P. S. (2000). Age and gender differences in oppositional behavior and conduct problems: A cross-sectional household study of middle childhood and adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109(3), 488–503. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.109.3.488

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lai, Y. Q., Niu, G. F., Huang, B. Z., & Wang, R. L. (2020). The relationships between family functioning and bullying, and victimization among adolescents: The mediating role of parent-child attachment. Psychology: Techniques and Applications, 8, 164–171.

  • Leeuwen, K. V., Meerschaert, T., Bosmans, G., De Medts, L., & Braet, C. (2006). The strengths and difficulties questionnaire in a community sample of young children in flanders. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 22(3), 189–197. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.22.3.189

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lengua, L. J., Bush, N. R., Long, A. C., Kovacs, E. A., & Trancik, A. M. (2008). Effortful control as a moderator of the relation between contextual risk factors and growth in adjustment problems. Development and Psychopathology, 20(2), 509–528. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579408000254

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Little, R. (1988). A test of missing completely at random for multivariate data with missing values. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 83, 1198–1202. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-005-5724-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, S., Chien, Y., Shang, C., Lin, C., Liu, Y., & Gau, S. S. (2013). Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 54, 720–730.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, S., Zhou, N., Wang, Z., Liang, X., & Shi, J. (2018). Maternal life stress and subsequent Chinese children’s social adjustment: The moderating role of inhibitory control. Journal and Family and Child Studies, 27, 412–420. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0887-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lovden, M., Li, S. C., Shing, Y. L., & Lindenberger, U. (2007). Within-person trial-to-trial variability precedes and predicts cognitive decline in old and very old age: Longitudinal data from the Berlin Aging Study. Neuropsychologia, 45(12), 2827–2838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.05.005

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mabbe, E., Vansteenkiste, M., Brenning, K., De Pauw, S., Beyers, W., & Soenens, B. (2019). The moderating role of adolescent personality in associations between psychologically controlling parenting and problem behaviors: A longitudinal examination at the level of within-person change. Developmental Psychology, 55(12), 2665–2677. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000802

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MacDonald, S. W., Nyberg, L., & Bäckman, L. (2006). Intra-individual variability in behavior: Links to brain structure, neurotransmission and neuronal activity. Trends in Neurosciences, 29(8), 474–480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2006.06.011

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MacDonald, S. W. S., Li, S.-C., & Bäckman, L. (2009). Neural underpinnings of within-person variability in cognitive functioning. Psychology and Aging, 24(4), 792–808. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017798

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McHale, J. P., & Rasmussen, J. L. (1998). Coparental and family group-level dynamics during infancy: Early family precursors of child and family functioning during preschool. Development and Psychopathology, 10(1), 39–59. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579498001527

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McLaughlin, K. A., Green, J. G., Gruber, M. J., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A., & Kessler, R. C. (2012). Childhood adversities and first onset of psychiatric disorders in a national sample of US adolescents. Archives of General Psychiatry, 69, 1151–1160. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.2277

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Meta, V. D. H., Danielle, E. M. C. J., Stewart, R. E., Bouwien, C. M. S., Reijneveld, S. A., & Boudien, C. T. F. (2017). How reliable and valid is the teacher version of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire in primary school children? PLoS One, 12(4). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0176605

  • Meyer, J. M., Rutter, M., Silberg, J. L., Maes, H. H., Simonoff, E., Shillady, L. L., & Eaves, L. J. (2000). Familial aggregation for conduct disorder symptomatology: The role of genes, marital discord and family adaptability. Psychological Medicine, 30(4), 759–774. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291799002408

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morris, A. S., Silk, J. S., Steinberg, L., Myers, S. S., & Robinson, L. R. (2007). The role of the family context in the development of emotion regulation. Social Development, 16, 361–388. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00389.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morris, A. S., Silk, J. S., Steinberg, L., Sessa, F. M., Avenevoli, S., & Essex, M. J. (2002). Temperamental vulnerability and negative parenting as interacting predictors of child adjustment. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64(2), 461–471. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2002.00461.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Montejo, J. E., Durán, M., del Mar Martínez, M., Hilari, A., Roncalli, N., Vilaregut, A., & Ramos-Quiroga, J. A. (2019). Family functioning and parental bonding during childhood in adults diagnosed with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 23, 57–64. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054715596578

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Monroe, S. M., & Simons, A. D. (1991). Diathesis-stress theories in the context of life stress research: Implication for the depressive disorders. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 406–425. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.110.3.406

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muthén, B. O., & Muthén, L. K. (2007). Mplus user’s guide (5th ed.). Muthén & Muthén.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nigg, J. T., & Huang-Pollock, C. L. (2003). An early-onset model of the role of executive functions and intelligence in conduct disorder/delinquency. In B. B. Lahey, T. E. Moffitt, & A. Caspi (Eds.), The causes of conduct disorder and juvenile delinquency (pp. 227–254). Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olson, D. H. (2000). Circumplex model of marital and family systems. Journal of Therapy, 22, 144–167. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6427.00144

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olson, D. H., & McCubbin, H. I. (1983). Families: What makes them work. Sage.

  • Olson, D. H., Portner, J., & Lavee, Y. (1985). Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales (FACES-III). University of Minnesota.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olson, D. H., Portner, J., & Lavee, Y. (1992). Family adaptability and cohesion evaluation scale (FACE II). In D. Olson, H. McCubbin, H. Barnes, A. Larsen, M. Muxen, & Wilson (Eds.), Family inventories (second revision) (pp.1–20). Family Social Science University of Minnesota.

  • Olson, D. H., Russell, C. S., & Sprenkle, D. H. (1983). Circumplex model of marital and family systems: VI. Theoretical Update. Family Process, 22(1), 69–83. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.1983.00069.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olson, S. L., Tardif, T. Z., Miller, A., Felt, B., Grabell, A. S., Kessler, D., & Hirabayashi, H. (2011). Inhibitory control and harsh discipline as predictors of externalizing problems in young children: A comparative study of US, Chinese, and Japanese preschoolers. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 39, 1163–1175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, G. R. (1982). Coercive family processes. Eugene, OR: Castalia.

  • Patterson, G. R., Shaw, D. S., Snyder, J. J., & Yoerger, K. (2010). Changes in maternal ratings of children’s overt and covert antisocial behavior. Aggressive Behavior, 31(5), 473–484. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20095

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peng, Y., Zhang, R., & Wang, Z. (2021). Intraindividual reaction time variability as an index of attentional control acts as a moderator of the longitudinal relationships between marital quality and children’s externalizing problems. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 202, 105011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2020.105011

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Polancyk, G. V., Salum, G. A., Sugaya, L. S., Caye, A., & Rohde, L. A. (2015). Annual research review: A meta-analysis of the worldwide prevalence of mental disorders in children and adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 56, 345–365. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12381

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Posner, M. I., & Rothbart, M. K. (1998). Attention, self-regulation and consciousness. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 353(1377), 1915–1927. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1998.0344

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rabinowitz, J. A., Osigwe, I., Drabick, D. A. G., & Reynolds, M. D. (2016). Negative emotional reactivity moderates the relations between family cohesion and internalizing and externalizing symptoms in adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 53, 116–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.09.007

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Richmond, M. K., & Stocker, C. M. (2006). Associations between family cohesion and adolescent siblings’ externalizing behavior. Journal of Family Psychology, 20(4), 663–669. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.20.4.663

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, R., McCrory, E., Joffe, H., De Lima, N., & Viding, E. (2017). Living with conduct problem youth: Family functioning and parental perceptions of their child. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 27(5), 595–604. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-017-1088-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roisman, G. I., Newman, D. A., Fraley, R. C., Haltigan, J. D., Groh, A. M., & Haydon, K. C. (2012). Distinguishing differential susceptibility from diathesis-stress: Recommendations for evaluating interaction effects. Development and Psychopathology, 24, 389–409. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579412000065

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rothbart, M. K., & Posner, M. I. (2006). Temperament, attention, and developmental psychopathology. In D. Cicchetti & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Developmental neuroscience (pp. 465–501). John Wiley & Sons Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rueda, M. R., Fan, J., McCandliss, B. D., Halparin, J. D., Gruber, D. B., Lercari, L. P., & Posner, M. I. (2004). Development of attentional networks in childhood. Neuropsychologia, 42(8), 1029–1040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2003.12.012

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, D. S., Gilliom, M., Ingoldsby, E. M., & Nagin, D. S. (2003). Trajectories leading to school-age conduct problems. Developmental Psychology, 39(2), 189–200. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.39.2.189.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sjowall, D., Roth, L., Lindqvist, S., & Thorell, L. B. (2013). Multiple deficits in ADHD: Executive dysfunction, delay aversion, reaction time variability, and emotional deficits. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54(6), 619–627. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12006

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, E. N., Grau, J. M., Duran, P. A., & Castellanos, P. (2013). Maternal depressive symptoms and child behavior problems among Latina adolescent mothers: The buffering effect of mother-reported partner child care involvement. Merrill-Palmer quarterly (Wayne State University. Press), 59, 304–329.

  • Snyder, J. J., Reid, J. B., & Patterson, G. R. (2003). A social learningmodel of child and adolescent antisocial behavior. In B. B. Lahey, T. E. Moffitt, & A. Caspi (Eds.), The causes of conduct disorder and juvenile delinquency (pp. 27–48). Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stuss, D. T., Murphy, K. J., Binns, M. A., & Alexander, M. P. (2003). Staying on the job: The frontal lobes control individual performance variability. Brain, 126(11), 2363–2380. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awg237

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tan, T. X., Gelley, C. D., & Dedrick, R. F. (2015). Non-child-related family stress, parenting styles, and behavior problems in school-age girls adopted from China. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(10), 2881–2891. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-014-0092-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tang, J., & Jiang, G. (2009). The relationship of college student’s interpersonal trust and family cohesion and adaptability. China Journal of Health Psychology, 17, 307–309.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, J. M. D., Slykerman, R. F., Wall, C. R., Murphy, R., Mitchell, E. A., & Waldie, K. E. (2021). Factor structure of the SDQ and longitudinal associations from preschool to preteen in New Zealand. PLoS One, 16(3). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247932.

  • Tolan, P. H., Gorman-Smith, D., Huesmann, L. R., & Zelli, A. (1997). Assessment of family relationship characteristics: A measure to explain risk for antisocial behavior and depression among urban youth. Psychological Assessment, 9(3), 212–223. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.9.3.212

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tremblay, R. E. (2000). The development of aggressive behavior during childhood: What have we learned in the past century? International Journal of Behavioral Development, 24(2), 129–141. https://doi.org/10.1080/016502500383232

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Eldik, W. M., de Haan, A. D., Parry, L. Q., Davies, P. T., Luijk, M. P. C. M., Arends, L. R., & Prinzie, P. (2020). The interparental relationship: Meta-analytic associations with children’s maladjustment and responses to interparental conflict. Psychological Bulletin, 146(7), 553–594. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000233

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vandewater, E. A., & Lansford, J. E. (2005). A family process model of problem behaviors in adolescents. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 67(1), 100–109. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-2445.2005.00008.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weissman, D. H., Roberts, K. C., Visscher, K. M., & Woldorff, M. G. (2006). The neural bases of momentary lapses in attention. Nature Neuroscience, 9(7), 971–978. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1727

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • West, R., Murphy, K. J., Armilio, M. L., Craik, F. I. M., & Stuss, D. T. (2002). Lapses of intention and performance variability reveal age-related increases in fluctuations of executive control. Brain and Cognition, 49(3), 402–419. https://doi.org/10.1006/brcg.2001.1507

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, D. P., Thayer, J. F., & Koenig, J. (2016). Resting cardiac vagal tone predicts intraindividual reaction time variability during an attention task in a sample of young and healthy adults. Psychophysiology, 53(12), 1843–1851. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12739

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xu, Y., & Zhang, Y. H. (2018). Family cohesion, adaptability, parenting locus of control and autistic children’s behavior problems. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 26, 78–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu, W. B. (2017). A reliability generalization meta-analysis of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) in Chinese version. Guangzhou University, Dissertation.

  • Yi, C. Y., Gentzler, A. L., Ramsey, M. A., & Root, A. E. (2016). Linking maternal socialization of positive emotions to children’s behavioral problems: The moderating role self-control. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(5), 1550–1558. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0329-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, R., Yang, X., Liu, D., Lü, W., & Wang, Z. (2020). Intraindividual reaction time variability, respiratory sinus arrhythmia, and children’s externalizing problems. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 157, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.08.001

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zuckerman, M. (1999). Vulnerability to psychopathology: A biosocial model. American Psychological Association.

Download references

Funding

This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation Grant of China (Grant Number:31671152), and Nutrition and Care of Maternal & Child Research Fund Project of Biostime Institute of Nutrition & Care (Grand Number: 2018BINCMCF21).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Psychology, Shaanxi Provincial Key Research Center of Child Mental and Behavioral Health, Shaanxi Normal University, South Chang an Road, Xi, China

    Siyao Zeng, Zhenhong Wang, Runzhu Zhang & Xiaohui Yang

Authors
  1. Siyao Zeng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Zhenhong Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Runzhu Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Xiaohui Yang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Zhenhong Wang or Xiaohui Yang.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

Authors Siyao Zeng, Zhenhong Wang, Runzhu Zhang, Xiaohui and Yang declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Experiment Participants

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institution and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Zeng, S., Wang, Z., Zhang, R. et al. The Longitudinal Relationships between Family Functioning and Children’s Conduct Problems: The Moderating Role of Attentional Control Indexed by Intraindividual Response Time Variability. J Psychopathol Behav Assess 44, 862–874 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-022-09964-w

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-022-09964-w

Keywords

Search

Navigation