Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Measurement Invariance of the Reckless and Self-destructive Behaviors Construct Assessed by the Posttrauma Risky Behaviors Questionnaire (PRBQ) Across Trauma Type and Trauma Count

  • Published:
Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The Posttrauma Risky Behaviors Questionnaire (PRBQ) was developed as a comprehensive, yet brief assessment of the extent of engaging in posttrauma reckless and self-destructive behaviors (RSDBs). Extending upon the initial psychometric investigation of the PRBQ, the current study details a preliminary investigation of measurement (non)-invariance across trauma types (i.e., interpersonal vs. non-interpersonal) and count (i.e., singular vs. multiple) in a sample of 1,174 trauma-exposed undergraduates. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the unidimensional measurement model in the overall sample and trauma subgroups. Further, the RSDB construct evaluated by the PRBQ demonstrated configural, metric (ΔCFI = .008), and scalar invariance (ΔCFI = .009) across subgroups indexing non-interpersonal versus interpersonal trauma, and configural, partial metric (ΔCFI = .009), and scalar invariance (ΔCFI = .009) across subgroups reporting singular versus multiple trauma types. Findings indicate equivalence of the PRBQ-assessed RSDB construct across subgroups differentiated by interpersonal vs. non-interpersonal trauma types, but not count of trauma types.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. Supplementary analyses were conducted to examine the robustness of measurement invariance findings after excluding participants with trauma types that were indexed by < 1% of their respective trauma type subgroup (i.e., exposure to toxic substance, serious harm to someone else, and captivity; n = 10). Results similarly indicated configural, metric, and scalar invariance across the non-interpersonal versus interpersonal trauma type subgroups. As such, the original, more inclusive analyses were maintained.

References

  • Alisic, E., Zalta, A. K., van Wesel, F., Larsen, S. E., Hafstad, G. S., Hassanpour, K., & Smid, G. E. (2014). Rates of post-traumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed children and adolescents: Meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 204(5), 335–340. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.113.131227

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Allen, J. G., Madan, A., & Fowler, J. C. (2015). Reliability and validity of the Stressful Life Events Screening Questionnaire among inpatients with severe neuropsychiatric illness. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 79(3), 187–202.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®). American Psychiatric Pub.

  • Ashbaugh, A. R., Houle-Johnson, S., Herbert, C., El-Hage, W., & Brunet, A. (2016). Psychometric validation of the English and French versions of the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). PloS One, 11(10), e0161645.

  • Banyard, V. L., Williams, L. M., & Siegel, J. A. (2001). The long-term mental health consequences of child sexual abuse: An exploratory study of the impact of multiple traumas in a sample of women. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 14(4), 697–715. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013085904337

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Belik, S. -L., Cox, B. J., Stein, M. B., Asmundson, G. J. G., & Sareen, J. (2007). Traumatic Events and Suicidal Behavior: Results From a National Mental Health Survey. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 195(4), 342–349. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.nmd.0b013e318060a869

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Zur, H., & Zeidner, M. (2009). Threat to Life and Risk-Taking Behaviors: A Review of Empirical Findings and Explanatory Models. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 13(2), 109–128. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868308330104

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, I. H., & Teng, G. (1989). Factoring items and factoring scales are different: Spurious evidence for multidimensionality due to item categorization. Psychological Bulletin, 105(3), 467–477. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.105.3.467

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bland, J. M., & Altman, D. G. (1997). Cronbach’s alpha. BMJ : British Medical Journal, 314(7080), 572.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Borsboom, D. (2006). When does measurement invariance matter? Medical Care, 44(11), S176–S181.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Breslau, N., Davis, G. C., & Andreski, P. (1995). Risk factors for PTSD-related traumatic events: A prospective analysis. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 152(4), 529–535. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.152.4.529

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, E. B., Smith, S. R., Palmieri, P. A., Dalenberg, C., Ruzek, J. I., Kimerling, R., Burling, T. A., & Spain, D. A. (2011). Development and validation of a brief self-report measure of trauma exposure: The Trauma History Screen. Psychological Assessment, 23(2), 463.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, L. L., Conelea, C., Tyrka, A. R., Welch, E. S., Greenberg, B. D., Price, L. H., Niedzwiecki, M., Yip, A. G., Barnes, J., & Philip, N. S. (2018). 5 Hz Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for posttraumatic stress disorder comorbid with major depressive disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 235, 414–420.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Casada, J. H., & Roache, J. D. (2005). Behavioral inhibition and activation in posttraumatic stress disorder. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 193(2), 102–109.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of Goodness of Fit Indexes to Lack of Measurement Invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 14(3), 464–504. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701301834

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, F. F. (2008). What happens if we compare chopsticks with forks? The impact of making inappropriate comparisons in cross-cultural research. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(5), 1005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (1999). Testing factorial invariance across groups: A reconceptualization and proposed new method. Journal of Management, 25(1), 1–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating Goodness-of-Fit Indexes for Testing Measurement Invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 9(2), 233–255. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cloitre, M., Stolbach, B. C., Herman, J. L., van der Kolk, B., Pynoos, R., Wang, J., & Petkova, E. (2009). A developmental approach to complex PTSD: Childhood and adult cumulative trauma as predictors of symptom complexity. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22(5), 399–408. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20444

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Contractor, A. A., Caldas, S., Fletcher, S., Shea, M. T., & Armour, C. (2018a). Empirically derived lifespan polytraumatization typologies: A systematic review. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 74(7), 1137–1159.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Contractor, A. A., Caldas, S., Weiss, N. H., & Armour, C. (2018b). Examination of the heterogeneity in PTSD and impulsivity facets: A latent profile analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 125, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.12.022

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Contractor, A. A., Jin, L., Weiss, N. H., & O’Hara, S. (2021). A psychometric investigation on the diagnostic utility of the posttrauma risky behaviors questionnaire. Psychiatry Research, 296, 113667.

  • Contractor, A. A., Weiss, N. H., Dranger, P., Ruggero, C., & Armour, C. (2017). PTSD’s risky behavior criterion: Relation with DSM-5 PTSD symptom clusters and psychopathology. Psychiatry Research, 252, 215–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.03.008

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Contractor, A. A., Weiss, N. H., Kearns, N. T., Caldas, S. V., & Dixon-Gordon, K. L. (2020). Assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder’s E2 criterion: Development, pilot testing, and validation of the Posttrauma Risky Behaviors Questionnaire. International Journal of Stress Management, 27(3), 292.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, M. L., Agocha, V. B., & Sheldon, M. S. (2000). A motivational perspective on risky behaviors: The role of personality and affect regulatory processes. Journal of Personality, 68(6), 1059–1088.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, J. L., Combs-Lane, A. M., & Jackson, T. L. (2002). Risky behaviors associated with interpersonal victimization: Comparisons based on type, number, and characteristics of assault incidents. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 17(6), 611–629. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260502017006002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Ayala, R. J. (2013). The Theory and Practice of Item Response Theory. Guilford Publications.

  • Dimitrov, D. M. (2010). Testing for factorial invariance in the context of construct validation. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 43(2), 121–149. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748175610373459

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Drescher, K. D., Rosen, C. S., Burling, T. A., & Foy, D. W. (2003). Causes of death among male veterans who received residential treatment for PTSD. Journal of Traumatic Stress: Official Publication of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, 16(6), 535–543.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edelen, M. O., & Reeve, B. B. (2007). Applying item response theory (IRT) modeling to questionnaire development, evaluation, and refinement. Quality of Life Research, 16(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-007-9198-0

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Finkelhor, D. (2008). Childhood victimization: Violence, crime, and abuse in the lives of young people. oxford university Press.

  • Furr, M. (2011). Scale construction and psychometrics for social and personality psychology. SAGE Publications Ltd.

  • Germain, M. -L. (2006). Stages of Psychometric Measure Development: The Example of the Generalized Expertise Measure (GEM). Online Submission.

  • Gerrard, M., Gibbons, F. X., Houlihan, A. E., Stock, M. L., & Pomery, E. A. (2008). A dual-process approach to health risk decision making: The prototype willingness model. Developmental Review, 28(1), 29–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2007.10.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gregorich, S. E. (2006). Do self-report instruments allow meaningful comparisons across diverse population groups? Testing measurement invariance using the confirmatory factor analysis framework. Medical Care, 44(11 Suppl 3), S78.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Higgins, D. J., & McCabe, M. P. (2001). Multiple forms of child abuse and neglect: Adult retrospective reports. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 6(6), 547–578.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hinkin, T. R., Tracey, J. B., & Enz, C. A. (1997). Scale construction: Developing reliable and valid measurement instruments. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 21(1), 100–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hope, T., Bryan, J., Trickett, A., & Osborn, D. R. (2001). The phenomena of multiple victimization. The relationship between personal and property crime risk. British Journal of Criminology, 41(4), 595–617.

  • House, A. S., Van Horn, E., Coppeans, C., & Stepleman, L. M. (2011). Interpersonal trauma and discriminatory events as predictors of suicidal and nonsuicidal self-injury in gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender persons. Traumatology, 17(2), 75–85. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534765610395621

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • James, L. M., Strom, T. Q., & Leskela, J. (2014). Risk-taking behaviors and impulsivity among veterans with and without PTSD and mild TBI. Military Medicine, 179(4), 357–363. https://doi.org/10.7205/MILMED-D-13-00241

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jamieson, S. (2004). Likert scales: How to (ab)use them. Medical Education, 38(12), 1217–1218. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2929.2004.02012.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karatzias, T., Shevlin, M., Hyland, P., Brewin, C. R., Cloitre, M., Bradley, A., Kitchiner, N. J., Jumbe, S., Bisson, J. I., & Roberts, N. P. (2018). The role of negative cognitions, emotion regulation strategies, and attachment style in complex post-traumatic stress disorder: Implications for new and existing therapies. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 57(2), 177–185. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12172

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kearns, N. T., Cloutier, R. M., Carey, C., Contractor, A. A., & Blumenthal, H. (2019). Alcohol and marijuana polysubstance use: Comparison of PTSD symptom endorsement and severity patterns. Cannabis, 2(1), 39–52.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kerig, P. K. (2019). Linking childhood trauma exposure to adolescent justice involvement: The concept of posttraumatic risk-seeking. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 26(3), e12280. https://doi.org/10.1111/cpsp.12280

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, R. C., Davis, C. G., & Kendler, K. S. (1997). Childhood adversity and adult psychiatric disorder in the US National Comorbidity Survey. Psychological Medicine, 27(5), 1101–1119.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, Y. -S., Lee, J. -C., Kwon, O., & Kim, Y. -H. (2012). Protecting entanglement from decoherence using weak measurement and quantum measurement reversal. Nature Physics, 8(2), 117–120. https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys2178

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • King, D. W., King, L. A., Foy, D. W., & Gudanowski, D. M. (1996). Prewar factors in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder: Structural equation modeling with a national sample of female and male Vietnam veterans. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(3), 520.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ledgerwood, D. M., & Petry, N. M. (2006). Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in treatment-seeking pathological gamblers. Journal of Traumatic Stress: Official Publication of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, 19(3), 411–416.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Letica-Crepulja, M., Stevanović, A., & Protu\djer, M., Grahovac Juretić, T., Rebić, J., & Frančišković, T. (2020). Complex PTSD among treatment-seeking veterans with PTSD. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11(1), 1716593.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Li, C. -H. (2016). Confirmatory factor analysis with ordinal data: Comparing robust maximum likelihood and diagonally weighted least squares. Behavior Research Methods, 48(3), 936–949. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-015-0619-7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Little, T. D. (2013). Longitudinal Structural Equation Modeling. Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lusk, J. D., Sadeh, N., Wolf, E. J., & Miller, M. W. (2017). Reckless self-destructive behavior and PTSD in veterans: The mediating role of new adverse events. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 30(3), 270–278.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall-Berenz, E. C., Vujanovic, A. A., & MacPherson, L. (2011). Impulsivity and alcohol use coping motives in a trauma-exposed sample: The mediating role of distress tolerance. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(5), 588–592.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mauritz, M. W., Goossens, P. J. J., Draijer, N., & van Achterberg, T. (2013). Prevalence of interpersonal trauma exposure and trauma-related disorders in severe mental illness. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 4(1), 19985. https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v4i0.19985

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meredith, W., & Teresi, J. A. (2006). An essay on measurement and factorial invariance. Medical Care, S69–S77.

  • Millsap, R. E., & Kwok, O. -M. (2004). Evaluating the impact of partial factorial invariance on selection in two populations. Psychological Methods, 9(1), 93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, A. A., Overstreet, C., Kendler, K. S., Dick, D. M., Adkins, A., & Amstadter, A. B. (2017). Potentially traumatic events, personality and risky sexual behavior in undergraduate college students. Psychological Trauma : Theory, Research, Practice and Policy, 9(1), 105–112. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000168

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Donnell, M. L., Schaefer, I., Varker, T., Kartal, D., Forbes, D., Bryant, R. A. A., Silove, D., Creamer, M., McFarlane, A., Malhi, G., Felmingham, K., Van Hoof, M., Hadzi-Pavlovic, D., Nickerson, A., & Steel, Z. (2017). A systematic review of person-centered approaches to investigating patterns of trauma exposure. Clinical Psychology Review, 57, 208–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2017.08.009

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ogle, C. M., Rubin, D. C., Berntsen, D., & Siegler, I. C. (2013). The frequency and impact of exposure to potentially traumatic events over the life course. Clinical Psychological Science, 1(4), 426–434.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pat-Horenczyk, R., Peled, O., Miron, T., Brom, D., Villa, Y., & Chemtob, C. M. (2007). Risk-taking behaviors among Israeli adolescents exposed to recurrent terrorism: Provoking danger under continuous threat? American Journal of Psychiatry, 164(1), 66–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perez, D. L., Matin, N., Williams, B., Tanev, K., Makris, N., LaFrance, W. C., Jr., & Dickerson, B. C. (2018). Cortical thickness alterations linked to somatoform and psychological dissociation in functional neurological disorders. Human Brain Mapping, 39(1), 428–439.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Putnick, D. L., & Bornstein, M. H. (2016). Measurement invariance conventions and reporting: The state of the art and future directions for psychological research. Developmental Review, 41, 71–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2016.06.004

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rivis, A., Sheeran, P., & Armitage, C. J. (2006). Augmenting the theory of planned behaviour with the prototype/willingness model: Predictive validity of actor versus abstainer prototypes for adolescents’ health-protective and health-risk intentions. British Journal of Health Psychology, 11(3), 483–500. https://doi.org/10.1348/135910705X70327

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sass, D. A. (2011). Testing measurement invariance and comparing latent factor means within a confirmatory factor analysis framework. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 29(4), 347–363. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282911406661

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schroder, H. S., Yalch, M. M., Dawood, S., Callahan, C. P., Brent Donnellan, M., & Moser, J. S. (2017). Growth mindset of anxiety buffers the link between stressful life events and psychological distress and coping strategies. Personality and Individual Differences, 110, 23–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.01.016

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schumm, J. A., Hobfoll, S. E., & Keogh, N. J. (2004). Revictimization and interpersonal resource loss predicts PTSD among women in substance-use treatment. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17(2), 173–181. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOTS.0000022624.53181.21

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, J., Chant, D., Andrews, G., Martin, G., & McGrath, J. (2007). Association between trauma exposure and delusional experiences in a large community-based sample. British Journal of Psychiatry, 190(4), 339–343. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.106.026708

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sijbrandij, M., Engelhard, I. M., de Vries, G. -J., Luitse, J. S. K., Carlier, I. V. E., Gersons, B. P. R., & Olff, M. (2013). The role of injury and trauma-related variables in the onset and course of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 20(4), 449–455. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10880-012-9348-6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suliman, S., Mkabile, S. G., Fincham, D. S., Ahmed, R., Stein, D. J., & Seedat, S. (2009). Cumulative effect of multiple trauma on symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression in adolescents. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 50(2), 121–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2008.06.006

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tavakol, M., & Dennick, R. (2011). Making sense of Cronbach’s alpha. International Journal of Medical Education, 2, 53–55. https://doi.org/10.5116/ijme.4dfb.8dfd

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, R. J., & Lloyd, D. A. (1995). Lifetime Traumas and Mental Health: The Significance of Cumulative Adversity. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36(4), 360–376. https://doi.org/10.2307/2137325

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ullman, S. E., Relyea, M., Peter-Hagene, L., & Vasquez, A. L. (2013). Trauma histories, substance use coping, PTSD, and problem substance use among sexual assault victims. Addictive Behaviors, 38(6), 2219–2223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.01.027

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • van de Schoot, R., Lugtig, P., & Hox, J. (2012). A checklist for testing measurement invariance. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9(4), 486–492. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2012.686740

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vandenberg, R. J., & Lance, C. E. (2000). A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature: Suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 3(1), 4–70. https://doi.org/10.1177/109442810031002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weathers, F. W., Blake, D. D., Schnurr, P. P., Kaloupek, D. G., Marx, B. P., & Keane, T. M. (2013a). Life Events Checklist for DSM-5 (LEC-5) - PTSD: National Center for PTSD [General Information]. https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/assessment/te-measures/life_events_checklist.asp

  • Weathers, F. W., Bovin, M. J., Lee, D. J., Sloan, D. M., Schnurr, P. P., Kaloupek, D. G., Keane, T. M., & Marx, B. P. (2018). The Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM–5 (CAPS-5): Development and initial psychometric evaluation in military veterans. Psychological Assessment, 30(3), 383–395. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000486

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T., Keane, T. M., Palmieri, P. A., Marx, B. P., & Schnurr, P. P. (2013b). The ptsd checklist for dsm-5 (pcl-5). Scale available from the National Center for PTSD at www. ptsd. va. gov, 10.

  • Weiss, N. H., Tull, M. T., Sullivan, T. P., Dixon-Gordon, K. L., & Gratz, K. L. (2015). Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and risky behaviors among trauma-exposed inpatients with substance dependence: The influence of negative and positive urgency. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 155, 147–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.07.679

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Woods, S. J., & Wineman, N. M. (2004). Trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder symptom clusters, and physical health symptoms in postabused women. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 18(1), 26–34. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.apnu.2003.11.005

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

Work on this article by Nathan T. Kearns was supported by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (F31AA027142) and National Institute on Drug Abuse (T32DA016184); Nicole H. Weiss was supported by National Institute on Drug Abuse (K23DA039327).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA

    Nathan T. Kearns

  2. Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA

    Ateka A. Contractor

  3. Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA

    Nicole H. Weiss

Authors
  1. Nathan T. Kearns
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ateka A. Contractor
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Nicole H. Weiss
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nathan T. Kearns.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

Nathan T. Kearns, Ateka A. Contractor and Nicole H. Weiss report no conflict of interest in the conduct and reporting of this research. These data/research appearing in the manuscript have not been previously disseminated. This manuscript has not been previously published and has not been submitted elsewhere for publication.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kearns, N.T., Contractor, A.A. & Weiss, N.H. Measurement Invariance of the Reckless and Self-destructive Behaviors Construct Assessed by the Posttrauma Risky Behaviors Questionnaire (PRBQ) Across Trauma Type and Trauma Count. J Psychopathol Behav Assess 44, 992–1003 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-021-09923-x

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-021-09923-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation