Abstract
Compared to childhood and adulthood, adolescence is a time of greater risk-taking behavior, potentially resulting in serious consequences. Theories of adolescent brain development highlight the imbalance between neural circuitry for reward vs. regulation. Although this imbalance may make adolescents more vulnerable to impaired decision-making in the context of heightened arousal, not all adolescents exhibit problematic risk behavior, suggesting other factors are involved. Relatedly, parent-adolescent conflict increases in mid-adolescence, and is linked to negative outcomes like substance use related risk-taking. However, the mechanism by which parent-adolescent conflict and risk-taking are linked is still unknown. Therefore, we investigated this association using a multi-method experimental design. Parent-adolescent dyads were randomly assigned to complete a discussion task together on the topic of either the adolescent’s dream vacation or an adolescent-identified conflict topic. During the task, adolescent peripheral psychophysiology was measured for later calculation of heart rate variability (HRV), an index of self-regulation. Immediately after the discussion task, adolescents completed a performance-based measure of risk-taking propensity that indexes real-world risk behaviors. We hypothesized that parent-adolescent conflict would predict greater adolescent risk-taking propensity, and that increased behavioral arousal in the context of conflict, coupled with impaired self-regulation, would explain this link. Results indicated no direct effect of parent-adolescent conflict on adolescent risk-taking propensity. However, there was a significant conditional indirect effect: lower HRV, indexing worse regulatory ability, mediated the relation between conflict and risk-taking propensity but only for adolescents exhibiting behavioral arousal during the discussion task. We discuss implications for understanding adolescent risk-taking behavior.
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Notes
Prior to enrolling any participants, all participant identification numbers were randomly pre-assigned to a discussion task condition—either a conflict topic or a control topic—using an online random number generator (www.graphpad.com). We used the option “randomly assign subjects to group”; the random number generator uses as a seed the time of day. The automated randomization process is as follows: 1) participants were assigned to groups nonrandomly; 2) each participant’s group assignment was switched with a randomly selected participant; 3) this process occurred two more times to ensure random group assignment.
CMetX filters the time series IBI in the .12–.40 Hz “high frequency” band and applies a log transformation to its variance, referring to this metric as the estimate of log-transformed respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA). Because we did not measure respiration (see also Amole et al. 2017), for clarity we refer to it as HF-HRV. The estimate of logRSA calculated using CMetX during a stressor task correlated at 0.99 for spectral power and amplitude, indicating its high overlap with high-frequency HRV (HF-HRV; Allen et al. 2007).
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Funding
This work was partially supported by a Predoctoral National Research Service Award from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (F31-DA033913 Thomas), a post-doctoral service award from the National Institute of Mental Health (T32MH078788 Thomas), a Psi Chi Graduate Research Grant (Thomas), and an American Psychological Foundation Elizabeth Munsterberg Koppitz Child Psychology Graduate Student Fellowship (Thomas). This work was also partially supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation (SES-1461392) awarded to Andres De Los Reyes. Sarah A. Thomas is partially supported by Institutional Development Award Number U54GM115677 from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health, which funds Advance Clinical and Translational Research (Advance-CTR). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
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Sarah A. Thomas, Anjali Jain, Tristan Wilson, Danielle E. Deros, Irene Jacobs, Emily J. Dunn, Amelia Aldao, Ryan Stadnik, and Andres De Los Reyes declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
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All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
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Thomas, S.A., Jain, A., Wilson, T. et al. Moderated Mediation of the Link between Parent-Adolescent Conflict and Adolescent Risk-Taking: the Role of Physiological Regulation and Hostile Behavior in an Experimentally Controlled Investigation. J Psychopathol Behav Assess 41, 699–715 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-019-09747-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-019-09747-w