Abstract
Self-regulatory skills models are important explanatory constructs for many societal applications. However, little research exists on the relative influence of different self-regulatory skills models for specific applications, with all relevant constructs considered simultaneously. This study evaluated the contributions of the self-regulatory models of learned resourcefulness and self-management to the outcome variable of affective symptomatology. Specifically, structural equation modeling was used to test whether learned resourcefulness accounts for additional variance in affective symptomatology when taking self-management into consideration. Results indicated that both learned resourcefulness and self-management accounted for a large proportion of variance in affective symptomatology, and the model in which the path between learned resourcefulness and affective symptomatology was constrained to zero provided the best fit of the data, tentatively suggesting that learned resourcefulness did not seem to add much value in terms of predicting affective symptomatology when in the presence of self-management. Implications for self-regulatory skills theory and models are discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: a review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 411–423. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411.
Andlin-Sobocki, P., & Wittchen, H. U. (2005). Cost of anxiety disorders in Europe. European Journal of Neurology, 12(Suppl. 1), 39–44. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2005.01196.x.
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173–1182. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173.
Baumeister, R. F., & Vohs, K. D. (Eds.). (2004). Handbook of self-regulation: Research, theory, and applications. New York: Guilford.
Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Garbin, M. G. (1988). Psychometric properties of the beck depression inventory: twenty-five years of evaluation. Clinical Psychology Review, 8, 77–100. doi:10.1016/0272-7358(88)90050-5.
Boekaerts, M., Zeidner, M., & Pintrich, P. R. (Eds.). (2005). Handbook of self-regulation. San Diego: Academic.
Burns, D. D., Rude, S., Simons, A. D., Bates, M. A., & Thase, M. E. (1994). Does learned resourcefulness predict the response to cognitive behavioral therapy for depression? Cognitive Therapy and Research, 18, 277–291. doi:10.1007/BF02357780.
Byrne, B. M. (2001). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Mahwah: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates.
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1999). Control theory: A useful conceptual framework for personality-social, clinical, and health psychology. In R. F. Baumeister (Ed.), The self in social psychology (pp. 299–316). New York: Psychology.
Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1991). Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: psychometric evidence of taxonomic implications. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 316–336. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.100.3.316.
Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1995). Constructing validity: basic issues in objective scale development. Psychological Assessment, 7, 309–319. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.309.
Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (2006). Distress and fear disorders: an alternative empirically based taxonomy of the ‘mood’ and ‘anxiety’ disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry, 189, 481–483. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.106.03825.
Dunning, C. (1999). Post-intervention strategies to reduce police trauma: a paradigm shift. In J. M. Violanti & D. Paton (Eds.), Police trauma: Psychological aftermath of civilian combat (pp. 269–289). Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.
Febbraro, G. A. R., & Clum, G. A. (1998). Meta-analytic investigation of the effectiveness of self-regulatory components in the treatment of adult problem behaviors. Clinical Psychology Review, 18, 143–161. doi:10.1016/S0272-7358(97)00008-1.
Feldman, L. (1993). Distinguishing anxiety and depression in self-report: evidence from confirmatory factor analysis on nonclinical and clinical samples. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 631–638. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.61.4.631.
Fuchs, C., & Rehm, L. P. (1977). A self-control behavior therapy program for depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 45, 206–215. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.45.2.206.
Gignac, G. E. (2006). Self-reported emotional intelligence and life satisfaction: testing incremental predictive validity hypotheses via structural equation modeling (SEM) in a small sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 40, 1569–1577. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2006.01.001.
Hatcher, L. (1994). A step-by-step approach to using SAS for factor analysis and structural equation modeling. Cary: SAS Institute.
Heiby, E. M., Mezo, P. G., & Kameoka, V. A. (2003). Assessment of self-control. In R. Fernandez-Ballesteros (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Psychological Assessment (pp. 841–847). London: Sage.
Holmbeck, G. N. (1997). Toward terminological, conceptual, and statistical clarity in the study of mediators and moderators: examples from the child-clinical and pediatric psychology literature. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 599–610. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.65.4.599.
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118.
Huang, C., Sousa, V. D., Chen, H., Tu, S., Chang, C., & Pan, I. (2007). Stressors, depressive symptoms, and learned resourcefulness among Taiwanese adults with diabetes mellitus. Research and Theory for Nursing Practice: An International Journal, 21, 83–97. doi:10.1891/088971807780852066.
Kanfer, F. H. (1970). Self-monitoring: methodological limitations and clinical applications. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 35, 148–152. doi:10.1037/h0029874.
Kanfer, F. H., & Karoly, P. (1972). Self-control: a behavioristic excursion into the lion’s den. Behavior Therapy, 3, 389–416. doi:10.1016/S0005-7894(72)80140-0.
Kanfer, F. H., & Schefft, B. K. (1988). Guiding the process of therapeutic change. Champaign: Research.
Kennett, D. J., Humphreys, T. P., & Patchell, M. (2009a). The role of learned resourcefulness in helping female undergraduates deal with unwanted sexual activity. Sex Education, 9, 341–353. doi:10.1080/14681810903264702.
Kennett, D. J., Worth, N. C., & Forbes, C. A. (2009b). The contributions of Rosenbaum’s model of self-control and the transtheoretical model to the understanding of exercise behavior. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10, 602–608. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2009.03.012.
Kennett, D., Young, A. M., & Catanzaro, M. (2009c). Variables contributing to academic success in an intermediate statistics course: the importance of learned resourcefulness. Educational Psychology, 29, 815–830. doi:10.1080/01443410903305401.
Kenny, David A. (2009, October 18). Measuring Model Fit. Retrieved October 27, 2009, from http://davidakenny.net/cm/fit.htm.
Kline, R. B. (1998). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford.
Little, T. D., Cunningham, W. A., Shahar, G., & Widaman, K. F. (2001). To parcel or not to parcel: exploring the question, weighing the merits. Structural Equation Modeling, 9, 151–173. doi:10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_1.
Liu, E. T., Chen, W., Li, Y., Wang, C. H., Mok, T. J., & Huang, H. S. (2009). Exploring the efficacy of cognitive bibliotherapy and a potential mechanism of change in the treatment of depressive symptoms among the Chinese: a randomized controlled trial. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 33, 449–461. doi:10.1007/s10608-008-9228-4.
Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (2002). Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation: a 35-year odyssey. American Psychologist, 57, 705–717. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.57.9.705.
Matsunaga, M. (2008). Item parceling in structural equation modeling: a primer. Communication Methods and Measures, 2, 260–293. doi:10.1080/19312450802458935.
Mezo, P. G., & Heiby, E. M. (2004). A comparison of four measures of self-control skills. Assessment, 11, 238–250. doi:10.1177/1073191104268199.
Ngai, F., Chan, S. W., & Ip, W. (2009). The effects of a childbirth psychoeducation program on learned resourcefulness, maternal role competence, and perinatal depression: a quasi-experiment. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 46, 1298–1306. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2009.03.007.
Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Olatunji, B. O., Cisler, J. M., & Tolin, D. F. (2007). Quality of life in the anxiety disorders: a meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 27, 572–581. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.01.015.
Olatunji, B. O., Moretz, M. W., Wolitzky-Taylor, K. B., McKay, D., McGrath, P. B., & Ciesielski, B. G. (2010). Disgust vulnerability and symptoms of contamination-based OCD: descriptive tests of incremental specificity. Behavior Therapy, 41, 475–490. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2009.11.005.
Ormel, J., Rosmalen, J., & Farmer, A. (2004). Neuroticism: a non-informative marker of vulnerability to psychopathology. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 39, 906–912. doi:10.1007/s00127-004-0873-y.
Peveler, R., Carson, A., & Rodin, G. (2002). ABC of psychological medicine: depression in medical patients. British Medical Journal, 325, 149–152. doi:10.1136/bmj.325.7356.149.
Rehm, L. P. (1977). A self-control model of depression. Behavior Therapy, 8, 787–804.
Rehm, L. P., Kornblith, S. J., O’Hara, M. W., Lamparski, D. M., Romano, J. M., & Volkin, J. (1981). An evaluation of major components in a self-control therapy program for depression. Behavior Modification, 5, 459–489. doi:10.1177/014544558154002.
Rokke, P. D., & Rehm, L. P. (2001). Self-management therapies. In K. S. Dobson (Ed.), Handbook of cognitive-behavioral therapies (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford.
Rokke, P. D., Tomhave, J. A., & Jocic, Z. (2000). Self-management therapy and educational group therapy for depressed elders. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 24, 99–119. doi:10.1023/A:1005407125992.
Rosenbaum, M. (1980). A schedule for assessing self-control behaviors: Preliminary findings. Behavior Therapy, 11, 109–121. doi:10.1016/S0005-7894(80)80040-2.
Rosenbaum, M. (Ed.). (1990). Learned resourcefulness: On coping skills, self-control, and adaptive behavior. New York: Springer.
Rosenbaum, M. (2000). The self-regulation of experience: Openness and construction. In P. Dewe, T. Cox, & M. Leiter (Eds.), Coping, health, and organizations (pp. 51–68). New York: Taylor & Francis.
Rosenbaum, M., & Palmon, N. (1984). Helplessness and resourcefulness in coping with epilepsy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 52, 244–253. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.52.2.244.
Rude, S. S. (1986). Relative benefits of assertion or cognitive self-control treatment for depression as a function of proficiency in each domain. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 390–394. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.54.3.390.
Rupp, A. (1995). The economic consequences of not treating depression. British Journal of Psychiatry, 166(Suppl. 27), 29–33.
Russell, D. W., Kahn, J., Spoth, R., & Altmaier, E. M. (1998). Analyzing data from experimental studies: illustration of a latent variable structural equation modeling approach. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45, 129–133. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.45.1.18.
Society of Clinical Psychology. (2011). Self-management/self-control therapy for depression. Retrieved February 8, 2011, from http://www.div12.org/PsychologicalTreatments/treatments/depression_selfmanagement.html.
Thyer, B. A., & Westhuis, D. (1989). Test-retest reliability of the Clinical Anxiety Scale. Phobia Practice & Research Journal, 2, 113–115.
Watson, D. (2005). Rethinking the mood and anxiety disorders: a quantitative hierarchical model for DSM-V. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 522–536. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.114.4.522.
Westhuis, D., & Thyer, B. A. (1989). Development and validation of the Clinical Anxiety Scale: a rapid assessment instrument for empirical practice. Educational & Psychological Measurement, 49, 153–163. doi:10.1177/0013164489491016.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mezo, P.G., Francis, S.E. Modeling the Interrelationship of Learned Resourcefulness, Self-Management, and Affective Symptomatology. J Psychopathol Behav Assess 34, 11–21 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-011-9264-3
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-011-9264-3