The Beck Cognitive Insight Scale (BCIS; Beck, Baruch, Balter, Steer, & Warman, 2004) was administered to 42 (28%) inpatients with psychotic disorders, 52 (35%) with a bipolar disorder, and 56 (37%) with a major depressive disorder (MDD). The hypotheses were (a) that the mean level of cognitive insight in a psychotic or a bipolar disorder is lower than that in a MDD, (b) that the mean levels of cognitive insight in psychotic and bipolar disorders were comparable, and (c) that the mean BCIS index score for a bipolar disorder in which the most recent episode had been mania is lower than the mean BCIS index score for a bipolar disorder in which the most recent episode had been mixed or depressed. All three hypotheses were supported. The results were discussed as supporting cognitive insight as a psychological construct that varies predictably according to the nature of a psychiatric disorder.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
Amador, X. F., Strauss, D. H., Yale, S., Gorman, J. M., & Endicott, J. (1993). The assessment of insight in psychosis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 873–879.
American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association
Beck, A. T., & Steer, R. A. (1993). Manual for Beck Anxiety Inventory. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
Beck, A. T., & Warman, D. M. (2004). Cognitive insight: Theory and assessment. In X. F. Amador & A. S. David (Eds.), Insight and psychosis: Awareness of illness in schizophrenia and related disorders (2nd ed., pp. 79–87). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Beck, A. T., Baruch, E., Balter, J. M., Steer, R. A., & Warman, D. (2004). A new instrument for measuring insight: The Beck Cognitive Insight Scale. Schizophrenia Research, 68, 319–329.
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Manual for Beck Depression Inventory (2nd ed.). San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
Birchwood, M., Smith, J., Drury, V., Healy, J., Macmillan, F., & Slade, M. A. (1994). A self-report insight scale for psychosis: Reliability, validity, and sensitivity to change. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 89, 62–67.
Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 155–159.
Cortina, J. M. (1993). What is coefficient alpha? An examination of theory and applications. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 98–104.
Cox, D. R., & McCullagh, P. (1982). Some aspects of analysis of covariance. Biometrics, 38, 541–561.
David, A. S. (1990). Insight and psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 798–808.
First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. B. W. (1996). User's guide for structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis I disorders: SCID-I clinician version. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
Ghaemi, S. N., & Rosenquist, B. S. (2004). Is insight in mania state-dependent? A meta-analysis. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 192, 771–775.
Granholm, E., McQuaid, J. R., McClure, F. S., Auslander, L. A., Perivoliotis, D., Pedrelli, P., et al. (2005). A randomized, controlled trial of cognitive behavioral social skills training for middle-aged and older outpatients with chronic schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 520–529.
Mintz, A. R., Dobson, K. S., & Romney, D. M. (2003). Insight in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Research, 61, 75–88.
Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Pedrelli, P., McQuaid, J. R., Granholm, E., Patterson, T. L., McClure, F., Beck, A. T., et al. (2004). Measuring cognitive insight in middle-aged and older patients with psychotic disorders. Schizophrenia Research, 71, 297–305.
Smith, T. E., Hull, J. W., & Santos, H. L. (1998). The relationship between symptoms and insight in schizophrenia: A longitudinal perspective. Schizophrenia Research, 33, 63–67.
Steer, R. A., & Beck, A. T. (1997). The Beck Anxiety Inventory. In C. P. Zalaquett & R. J. Wood (Eds.), Evaluating stress: A book of resources (pp. 23–40). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press.
Steer, R. A., & Beck, A. T. (2000). The Beck Depression Inventory-II. In W. E. Craighead & C. B. Nemeroff (Eds.), The Corsini Encyclopedia of psychology and behavioral science (3rd ed., Vol. 1, pp. 178–179). New York: Wiley.
Steer, R. A., Kumar, G., Pinninti, N. R., & Beck, A. T. (2003). Severity and internal consistency of self-reported anxiety in psychotic outpatients. Psychological Reports, 93, 1233–1238.
Turkington, D., Dudley, R., Warman, D. M., & Beck, A. T. (2004). Cognitive behavioral therapy for schizophrenia: A review. Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 10, 5–16.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Colis, M.J., Steer, R.A. & Beck, A.T. Cognitive Insight in Inpatients with Psychotic, Bipolar, and Major Depressive Disorders. J Psychopathol Behav Assess 28, 242–249 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-005-9012-7
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-005-9012-7