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Evaluation of degree of conversion, rate of cure, microhardness, depth of cure, and contraction stress of new nanohybrid composites containing pre-polymerized spherical filler

  • Biomaterials Synthesis and Characterization
  • Original Research
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Abstract

The aim of the present study was to characterize nanohybrid and nanofilled composites in terms of degree of conversion (DC), rate of cure (RC), microhardness (Vickers hardness number; VHN), depth of cure, and contraction stress (CS). Ceram.X® universal- A3, duo enamel E2, and duo dentin D3 composites were compared to Tetric EvoCeram® and FiltekTMSupreme XTE composites of equivalent dentin and enamel shades under a 40 s photopolymerization protocol. DC was measured by infrared spectroscopy, calculating RC from the kinetic curve. Top and bottom VHN were determined using a Vickers indenter, and bottom/top surface ratio (Vickers hardness ratio; VHR) calculated. CS vs. time was assessed by a universal testing machine and normalized for the specimen bonding area. All materials showed DC  < 60%, Ceram.X® composites reaching higher values than the other composites of corresponding shades. RC at 5 s of photopolymerization was always higher than that at 10 s. All the Ceram.X® composites and the lighter-shaded Tetric EvoCeram® and FiltekTMSupreme XTE composites reached the RC plateau after 25 s, the remaining materials showed a slower kinetic trend. Tetric EvoCeram® and FiltekTMSupreme XTE composites displayed the softest and the hardest surfaces, respectively. Differently from darker-shaded materials, the universal and the three enamel-shaded composites resulted optimally cured (VHR >  80%). The tested composites differed in CS both during and after light cure, Tetric EvoCeram® and FiltekTMSupreme XTE composites displaying the highest and the lowest CS, respectively. Only the Ceram.X® universal-A3 reached a CS plateau value. The tested composites exhibited material-dependent chemo-mechanical properties. Increasing the curing time and/or reducing the composite layer thickness for dentin-shaded composites appears advisable.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the Laser Laboratory of Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste (Trieste, Italy) for the curing lights’ output and maximum emitted wavelength measurement. The authors declare that they do not have any financial interest in the companies whose materials are included in this article.

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The study was self-funded.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. University Clinical Department of Medical, Surgical, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy

    Lidia Fanfoni, Matteo De Biasi, Gabriele Antollovich, Roberto Di Lenarda & Daniele Angerame

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  1. Lidia Fanfoni
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  2. Matteo De Biasi
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Correspondence to Daniele Angerame.

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Fanfoni, L., De Biasi, M., Antollovich, G. et al. Evaluation of degree of conversion, rate of cure, microhardness, depth of cure, and contraction stress of new nanohybrid composites containing pre-polymerized spherical filler. J Mater Sci: Mater Med 31, 127 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-020-06464-9

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