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Biological evaluation of ultrananocrystalline and nanocrystalline diamond coatings

  • Biomaterials Synthesis and Characterization
  • Original Research
  • Published:
Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Nanostructured biomaterials have been investigated for achieving desirable tissue-material interactions in medical implants. Ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) and nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) coatings are the two most studied classes of synthetic diamond coatings; these materials are grown using chemical vapor deposition and are classified based on their nanostructure, grain size, and sp3 content. UNCD and NCD are mechanically robust, chemically inert, biocompatible, and wear resistant, making them ideal implant coatings. UNCD and NCD have been recently investigated for ophthalmic, cardiovascular, dental, and orthopaedic device applications. The aim of this study was (a) to evaluate the in vitro biocompatibility of UNCD and NCD coatings and (b) to determine if variations in surface topography and sp3 content affect cellular response. Diamond coatings with various nanoscale topographies (grain sizes 5–400 nm) were deposited on silicon substrates using microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition. Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy revealed uniform coatings with different scales of surface topography; Raman spectroscopy confirmed the presence of carbon bonding typical of diamond coatings. Cell viability, proliferation, and morphology responses of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) to UNCD and NCD surfaces were evaluated. The hBMSCs on UNCD and NCD coatings exhibited similar cell viability, proliferation, and morphology as those on the control material, tissue culture polystyrene. No significant differences in cellular response were observed on UNCD and NCD coatings with different nanoscale topographies. Our data shows that both UNCD and NCD coatings demonstrate in vitro biocompatibility irrespective of surface topography.

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Abbreviations

AFM:

Atomic force microscopy

CMP-UNCD:

Chemically-mechanically polished ultrananocrystalline diamond

DI:

Deionized

hBMSCs:

Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells

MPCVD:

Microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition

NCD:

Nanocrystalline diamond

NCD-L:

Nanocrystalline diamond—Large grain sizes

NCD-M:

Nanocrystalline diamond—Medium grain sizes

NCD-S:

Nanocrystalline diamond—Small grain sizes

PBS:

Phosphate buffered saline

PSN:

Penicillin-Streptomycin-Neomycin

RMS:

Root-mean-square

SCCM:

Standard cubic centimeters per minute (at standard temperature and pressure)

SEM:

Scanning electron microscopy

TCPS:

Tissue culture polystyrene

UHMWPE:

Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene

UNCD:

Ultrananocrystalline diamond

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Acknowledgments

Shelby Skoog was supported in part by NSF Award #1136330. Use of the Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory was supported by the U. S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. The authors would like to acknowledge FDA intramural research funding and the FDA White Oak Nanotechnology Core Facility for instrument use, scientific, and technical assistance.

Note: The mention of commercial products, their sources, or their use in connection with material reported herein is not to be construed as either an actual or implied endorsement of such products by the Department of Health and Human Services. The findings and conclusions in this paper have not been formally disseminated by the Food and Drug Administration and should not be construed to represent any agency determination or policy.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA

    Shelby A. Skoog & Roger J. Narayan

  2. Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA

    Shelby A. Skoog, Girish Kumar, Jiwen Zheng & Peter L. Goering

  3. Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA

    Anirudha V. Sumant

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  1. Shelby A. Skoog
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Correspondence to Roger J. Narayan.

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Skoog, S.A., Kumar, G., Zheng, J. et al. Biological evaluation of ultrananocrystalline and nanocrystalline diamond coatings. J Mater Sci: Mater Med 27, 187 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-016-5798-y

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