Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Thin films based on electrochromic materials for energy storage performance and smart windows applications: a review

  • Review
  • Published:
Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This review covers electrochromic (EC) cells that use different ion electrolytes. In addition to EC phenomena in inorganic materials, these devices can be used as energy storage systems. Lithium-ion (Li+) electrolytes are widely recognized as the predominant type utilized in EC and energy storage devices. These electrolytes can exist in a variety of forms, including solid layers, such as Li:Ta2O5 or LiAlOx/Ta2O5/LiAlOx. These cells have a significantly longer cycling life, ranging from 5000 to 10,000 cycles. Additionally, the coloration efficiency of the electrochromic device (ECD) containing the ITO glass/WO3/Li+-polyvinyl butyral-based gel electrolyte was 175.34 cm2/C. ECDs utilizing Na+ or K+ ions commonly integrate a Prussian blue compound owing to its open-framework structure. The utilization of Zn2+ ion electrolytes as energy storage systems has been observed, demonstrating compatibility with aqueous electrolytes and showcasing a notable capacity of 820 mAh/g. EC cells and batteries can use aluminum-ion (Al3+) electrolytes. The cathode is indium hexacyanoferrate, and the anode is amorphous WO3, giving a power density of 2433.8 mW/m2. The morphology and structure of the EC layer are critical to improving the EC performance of protons (H+) as an electrolytic ion. In an effort to enhance the performance and stability of energy storage systems and ECDs, multi-ion electrolytes have emerged as a recent trend. These electrolytes consist of Zn2+ and Al3+ ions, Li+ and Al3+ ions, and electrolytes based on Zn2+ and K+ ions. By regulating the switching time, these devices are capable of attaining a remarkable optical modulation of 75%.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The author declares that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article. No new data were created during the study.

References

  1. A. Jilani, M.S. Abdel-wahab, A.H. Hammad, Modern Technologies for Creating the Thin-Film Systems and Coatings (IntechOpen, London, 2017)

    Google Scholar 

  2. P. Ashrit, Transition Metal Oxide Thin Film-Based Chromogenics and Devices (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2017)

    Google Scholar 

  3. D. Nunes, A. Pimentel, L. Santos, P. Barquinha, L. Pereira, E. Fortunato, R. Martins, Metal Oxide Nanostructures Synthesis, Properties and Applications (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2019)

    Google Scholar 

  4. H. Tian, J. Zhang, Photochromic Materials: Preparation, Properties and Applications (Wiley, Hoboken, 2016)

    Google Scholar 

  5. K. Fries, C. Fink-Straube, M. Mennig, H. Schmidt, Sol-Gel Technologies for Glass Producers and Users (Springer, Boston, 2004)

    Google Scholar 

  6. H. Dürr, H. Bouas-Laurent, Photochromism: Molecules and Systems (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2003)

    Google Scholar 

  7. E.L. Runnerstrom, A. Llordés, S.D. Lounis, D.J. Milliron, Chem. Commun. 50, 10555 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. A.R. Kmetz, F.K. Willisen, Nonemissive Electrooptic Displays (Springer, Boston, 1976)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  9. M. Miodownik, Mater. Today. 11, 6 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  10. D. Adler, Rev. Mod. Phys. 40, 714 (1968)

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. S.A. Corr, Nanoscience: Volume 1: Nanostructure Through Chemistry (O’BrienRSC Publishing, Cambridge, 2012), pp.180–207

    Book  Google Scholar 

  12. C.N.R. Rao, B. Raveau, Transition Metal Oxides: Structure, Properties, and Synthesis of Ceramic Oxides, 2nd edn. (Wiley, Hoboken, 1998)

    Google Scholar 

  13. P.F. Weller, Solid State Chemsitry and Physics (Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 1973)

    Google Scholar 

  14. K. Bange, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells. 58, 1 (1999)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. S.K. Deb, Phil. Mag. 27, 801 (1973)

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. S.K. Deb, Appl. Optics 8(S1), 192–195 (1969)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  17. L. Berggren, Optical Absorption and Electrical Conductivity in Lithium Intercalated Amorphous Tungsten Oxide Films (Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Uppsala, 2004)

    Google Scholar 

  18. I.G. Austin, N.F. Mott, Adv. Phys. 18, 41 (1969)

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. B.W. Faughnan, R.S. Crandall, P.M. Heyman, RCA Rev. 36, 177 (1975)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. T. Yoshimura, J. Appl. Phys. 57, 911 (1985)

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. C.G. Granqvist, Solid State Ion. 53–56, 479 (1992)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. C.G. Granqvist, E. Avendaño, A. Azens, Thin Solid Films. 442, 201 (2003)

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. K. Kuwabara, K. Sugiyama, M. Ohno, Solid State Ion. 44, 313 (1991)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. G. Fu, H. Gong, T. Bai, Q. Zhang, H. Wang, J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron. 34, 1 (2023)

    Google Scholar 

  25. S. Talukdar, R.S. Dhar, J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron. 33, 23937 (2022)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. V. De Matteis, A. Cannavale, A. Coppola, F. Fiorito, Procedia Eng. 180, 704 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. D.T. Gillaspie, R.C. Tenent, A.C. Dillon, J. Mater. Chem. 20, 9585 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Y. Jung, J. Lee, Y. Tak, Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 7, H5 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. M. Salavati-Niasari, A. Khansari, F. Davar, Inorganica Chim. Acta. 362, 4937 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. N. Sakai, Y. Ebina, K. Takada, T. Sasaki, J. Electrochem. Soc. 152, E384 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. H. Wang, M. Yan, Z. Jiang, Thin Solid Films. 401, 211 (2001)

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. W. He, Y. Liu, Z. Wan, C. Jia, RSC Adv. 6, 68997 (2016)

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. C.S. Hsu, C.C. Chan, H.T. Huang, C.H. Peng, W.C. Hsu, Thin Solid Films. 516, 4839 (2008)

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. X.C. Song, X. Wang, Y.F. Zheng, H.Y. Yin, Curr. Nanosci. 9, 330 (2013)

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. D.D. Yao, R.A. Rani, A.P. O’Mullane, K. Kalantar-Zadeh, J.Z. Ou, J. Phys. Chem. C 118, 476 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. F.Z. Tepehan, F.E. Ghodsi, N. Ozer, G.G. Tepehan, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells. 59, 265 (1999)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. R. Wang, L. Pan, Q. Han, H. Zhu, M. Wan, Y. Mai, J. Alloys Compd. 865, 158931 (2021)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. W. Han, Q. Shi, R. Hu, Nanomaterials 11, 692 (2021)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. D.D. Yao, R.A. Rani, A.P. O’Mullane, K. Kalantar-Zadeh, J.Z. Ou, J. Phys. Chem. C 118, 10867 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. C.G. Granqvist, Handbook of Inorganic Electrochromic Materials (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1995)

    Google Scholar 

  41. S. Pereira, A. Gonçalves, N. Correia, J. Pinto, L. Pereira, R. Martins, E. Fortunato, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells. 120, 109 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. N. Nang Dinh, N. Minh Quyen, D.N. Chung, M. Zikova, V. Van Truong, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells. 95, 618 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Y.R. Lu, T.Z. Wu, C.L. Chen, D.H. Wei, J.L. Chen, W.C. Chou, C.L. Dong, Nanoscale Res. Lett. 10, 1 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. R.S. Devan, S.Y. Gao, W.D. Ho, J.H. Lin, Y.R. Ma, P.S. Patil, Y. Liou, Appl. Phys. Lett. 98, 133117 (2011)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  45. Z. Lei, X. Yang, J. Dong, X. Yi, Chem. Mater. 21, 5681 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. A.V. Kadam, J. Appl. Electrochem. 47, 335 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. T. Maruyama, T. Kanagawa, J. Electrochem. Soc. 143, 1675 (1996)

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. K.K. Purushothaman, B. Sethuraman, M.P. Anupama, M. Dhanasankar, G. Muralidharan, Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process. 16, 1410 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. M. Ristova, J. Velevska, M. Ristov, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells. 71, 219 (2002)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. F. Jiang, T. Zheng, Y. Yang, J. Non Cryst. Solids. 354, 1290 (2008)

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Y. Ding, M. Wang, Z. Mei, X. Diao, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells. 248, 112037 (2022)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. K. Tajima, Y. Yamada, K. Yoshimura, J. Electrochem. Soc. 154, J267 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. A. Subrahmanyam, C.S. Kumar, K. Muthu Karuppasamy, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells. 91, 62 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. T. Niwa, O. Takai, Thin Solid Films. 518, 1722 (2010)

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. C.C. Lin, P.H. Chen, M.C. Chen, M.C. Wang, C.C. Yang, H.C. Huang, C.W. Wu, S.Y. Chou, T.M. Tsai, T.C. Chang, Nanotechnology. 33, 275711 (2022)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  56. M.C. Wang, D.G. Tsai, Y.L. Yeh, Y.C. Li, Appl. Phys. Lett. 117, 051901 (2020)

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. J. Hanxiang, S. Zewei, H. Aibin, J. Pingshi, X. Cao, J. Inorg. Mater. 36, 479 (2021)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. X. Zhang, W. Li, X. Chen, Y. Zhao, L. Wang, M. Chen, Z. Li, Y. Li, Chem. Commun. 56, 10062 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Y. Zhu, L. Xie, T. Chang, J. Bell, A. Huang, P. Jin, S. Bao, Electrochim. Acta. 317, 10 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. W. Li, X. Zhang, X. Chen, Y. Zhao, L. Wang, M. Chen, J. Zhao, Y. Li, Y. Zhang, Chem. Eng. J. 398, 125628 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. H. Jia, X. Cao, Z. Shao, S. Long, L. Jin, L. Ma, T. Chang, F. Xu, Y. Yang, S. Bao, P. Jin, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells. 200, 110045 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. C. Wang, G. Dong, Y. Zhao, Y. He, Y. Ding, X. Du, X. Zhong, M. Wang, X. Diao, J. Alloys Compd. 821, 153365 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Y. Zhao, X. Zhang, W. Li, Z. Li, H. Zhang, M. Chen, W. Sun, Y. Xiao, J. Zhao, Y. Li, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells. 237, 111564 (2022)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. M. Wang, A. Barnabé, Y. Thimont, J. Wang, Y. He, Q. Liu, X. Zhong, G. Dong, J. Yang, X. Diao, Electrochim. Acta. 301, 200 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. J. Zhang, J.P. Tu, X.H. Xia, Y. Qiao, Y. Lu, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells. 93, 1840 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Y. He, F. Zhang, Q. Zhang, G. Dong, X. Zhong, X. Diao, Electrochim. Acta. 280, 163 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. C. Xiong, A.E. Aliev, B. Gnade, K.J. Balkus, ACS Nano. 2, 293 (2008)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. B. Zhang, G. Xu, S. Tan, C. Liu, Opt. Mater. (Amst). 101, 109756 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. D. Wang, L. Wei, P. Shi, Y. Chen, S. Yan, Y. Tian, J. Jiao, J. Alloys Compd. 771, 100 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Z. Jiao, J. Wang, L. Ke, X. Liu, H.V. Demir, M.F. Yang, X.W. Sun, Electrochim. Acta. 63, 153 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Z. Jiao, J.L. Song, X.W. Sun, X.W. Liu, J.M. Wang, L. Ke, H.V. Demir, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells. 98, 154 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. F. Zhang, G. Dong, J. Liu, S. Ye, X. Diao, Ionics (Kiel). 23, 1879 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. D. Dong, W. Wang, G. Dong, F. Zhang, H. Yu, Y. He, X. Diao, RSC Adv. 6, 111148 (2016)

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. C. Wu, Z. Shao, W. Zhai, X. Zhang, C. Zhang, C. Zhu, Y. Yu, W. Liu, ACS Nano. 16, 2621 (2022)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. L. Xie, S. Zhao, Y. Zhu, Q. Zhang, T. Chang, A. Huang, P. Jin, S. Ren, S. Bao, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 7, 17390 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. S. Oukassi, C. Giroud-Garampon, C. Dubarry, C. Ducros, R. Salot, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells. 145, 2 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Q. Liu, G. Dong, Q. Chen, J. Guo, Y. Xiao, M.P. Delplancke-Ogletree, F. Reniers, X. Diao, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells. 174, 545 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. W. Li, X. Zhang, X. Chen, Y. Zhao, L. Wang, M. Chen, Z. Li, J. Zhao, Y. Li, Electrochim. Acta. 355, 136817 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. W. Li, X. Zhang, X. Chen, Y. Zhao, L. Wang, D. Liu, X. Li, M. Chen, J. Zhao, Y. Li, Mater. Lett. 265, 127464 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Y. Xiao, G. Dong, Q. Huang, Q. Liu, J. Guo, J. Liu, J. Zhang, X. Diao, J. Solid State Electrochem. 22, 275 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Y. Sun, S. Guo, H. Zhou, Adv. Energy Mater. 9, 1800212 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. H. Zhang, M. Hu, Q. Lv, Z.H. Huang, F. Kang, R. Lv, Small. 16, 1902843 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. R. Vijayalakshmi, M. Jayachandran, D.C. Trivedi, C. Sanjeeviraja, Ionics 2004. 10(1 10), 151 (2004)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. H. Araghi, S. Rezaee, Z. Zabihi, J. Solid State Chem. 258, 640 (2018)

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Y. Cui, Q. Wang, G. Yang, Y. Gao, J. Solid State Chem. 297, 122082 (2021)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. R. Sivakumar, K. Shanthakumari, A. Thayumanavan, M. Jayachandran, C. Sanjeeviraja, Surf. Eng. 23, 373 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Z. Yin, Y. Bu, J. Ren, S. Chen, D. Zhao, Y. Zou, S. Shen, D. Yang, Chem. Eng. J. 345, 165 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. A. Zimmer, M. Gilliot, K.E. Tillous, M. Tresse, N. Stein, D. Horwat, L. Broch, C. Boulanger, Opt. Lett. 44(5), 1104–1107 (2019)

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. C.A.C. Sequeira, L.F.F.T.T.G. Rodrigues, D.M.F. Santos, ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol. 1, R136 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. D. Dini, F. Decker, Electrochim. Acta. 43, 2919 (1998)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. M. Ristova, R. Neskovska, V. Mirčeski, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells. 91, 1361 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. J. Shi, R. Guo, S. Yu, J. Solid State Electrochem. 22, 3815 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. F. Li, D. Ma, J. Qian, B. Yang, Z. Xu, D. Li, Z. Wu, J. Wang, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells. 192, 103 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. J.H. Ko, S. Yeo, J.H. Park, J. Choi, C. Noh, S.U. Son, Chem. Commun. 48, 3884 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. L.C. Chen, Y.H. Huang, K.C. Ho, J. Solid State Electrochem. 7, 6 (2002)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Y.H. Huang, L.C. Chen, K.C. Ho, Solid State Ion. 165, 269 (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. J. Chu, X. Li, Y. Cheng, S. Xiong, Mater. Lett. 258, 126782 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. X. Liu, A. Zhou, Y. Dou, T. Pan, M. Shao, J. Han, M. Wei, Nanoscale. 7, 17088 (2015)

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Y. Chen, Z. Bi, X. Li, X. Xu, S. Zhang, X. Hu, Electrochim. Acta. 224, 534 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. N.S. Pham, Y.H. Seo, E. Park, T.D.D. Nguyen, I.S. Shin, Electrochim. Acta. 353, 136446 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. H. Li, L. McRae, C.J. Firby, A.Y. Elezzabi, Adv. Mater. 31, 1807065 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  102. V. Mathew, B. Sambandam, S. Kim, S. Kim, S. Park, S. Lee, M.H. Alfaruqi, V. Soundharrajan, S. Islam, D.Y. Putro, J.Y. Hwang, Y.K. Sun, J. Kim, ACS Energy Lett. 5, 2376 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. P. Hu, T. Zhu, X. Wang, X. Wei, M. Yan, J. Li, W. Luo, W. Yang, W. Zhang, L. Zhou, Z. Zhou, L. Mai, Nano Lett. 18, 1758 (2018)

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. W. Zhang, H. Li, M. Al-Hussein, A.Y. Elezzabi, Adv. Opt. Mater. 8, 1901224 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. W. Zhang, H. Li, W.W. Yu, A.Y. Elezzabi, Light: Sci. Appl. 9, 1 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  106. Q. Zhao, J. Wang, X. Ai, Z. Pan, F. Xu, J. Wang, Y. Gao, Nano Energy. 89, 106356 (2021)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. C. Wang, X. Zhang, S. Liu, H. Zhang, Q. Wang, C. Zhang, J. Gao, L. Liang, H. Cao, ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 5, 88 (2022)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. X. Huo, X. Miao, X. Han, S. Tang, M. Zhang, M. Guo, J. Mater. Chem. A Mater. 8, 9927 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. S. Sun, C. Tang, Y. Jiang, D. Wang, X. Chang, Y. Lei, N. Wang, Y. Zhu, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells. 207, 110332 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Y. Tian, W. Zhang, S. Cong, Y. Zheng, F. Geng, Z. Zhao, Adv. Funct. Mater. 25, 5833 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. K. Li, Y. Shao, S. Liu, Q. Zhang, H. Wang, Y. Li, R.B. Kaner, Small. 13, 1700380 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  112. S. Zhang, S. Cao, T. Zhang, A. Fisher, J.Y. Lee, Energy Environ. Sci. 11, 2884 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. J. Zhao, Y. Tian, Z. Wang, S. Cong, D. Zhou, Q. Zhang, M. Yang, W. Zhang, F. Geng, Z. Zhao, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 55, 7161 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Z. Tong, R. Lian, R. Yang, T. Kang, J. Feng, D. Shen, Y. Wu, X. Cui, H. Wang, Y. Tang, C.S. Lee, Energy Storage Mater. 44, 497 (2022)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  115. F. Blanchard, B. Baloukas, L. Martinu, Appl. Mater. Today. 12, 235 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  116. K. Tajima, Y. Yamada, M. Okada, K. Yoshimura, Thin Solid Films. 519, 934 (2010)

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Q. Guo, X. Zhao, Z. Li, B. Wang, D. Wang, G. Nie, ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 3, 2727 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. P. Salles, D. Pinto, K. Hantanasirisakul, K. Maleski, C.E. Shuck, Y. Gogotsi, Adv. Funct. Mater. 29, 1809223 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  119. M. Vidotti, S.I. de Córdoba De Torresi, Electrochim. Acta 54, 2800 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. C.Y. Jeong, Y. Abe, M. Kawamura, K.H. Kim, T. Kiba, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells. 200, 109976 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. R. Sivakumar, C.S. Gopinath, M. Jayachandran, C. Sanjeeviraja, Curr. Appl. Phys. 7, 76 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  122. K.J. Patel, C.J. Panchal, M.S. Desai, P.K. Mehta, Mater. Chem. Phys. 124, 884 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. D. Dong, W. Wang, G. Dong, Y. Zhou, Z. Wu, M. Wang, F. Liu, X. Diao, Appl. Surf. Sci. 357, 799 (2015)

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. X. Che, Z. Wu, G. Dong, X. Diao, Y. Zhou, J. Guo, D. Dong, M. Wang, Thin Solid Films. 662, 6 (2018)

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Y. Ding, G. Dong, Y. Zhou, Q. Liu, C. Wang, M. Wang, X. Diao, Ionics (Kiel). 24, 2427 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Y. Zhou, X. Diao, G. Dong, Z. Wu, D. Dong, M. Wang, Ionics (Kiel). 22, 25 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. D. Dong, W. Wang, G. Dong, F. Zhang, Y. He, H. Yu, F. Liu, M. Wang, X. Diao, Appl. Surf. Sci. 383, 49 (2016)

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. C. Salawan, M. Aiempanakit, K. Aiempanakit, C. Chananonnawathorn, P. Eiamchai, M. Horprathum, Mater. Today Proc. 4, 6423 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  129. J. Yuan, B. Wang, H. Wang, Y. Chai, Y. Jin, H. Qi, J. Shao, Appl. Surf. Sci. 447, 471 (2018)

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. G. Yuan, C. Hua, S. Khan, S. Jiang, Z. Wu, Y. Liu, J. Wang, C. Song, G. Han, Electrochim. Acta. 260, 274 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Z. Wang, H. Wang, X. Gu, H.N. Cui, Solid State Ion. 338, 168 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. W.Q. Wang, X.L. Wang, X.H. Xia, Z.J. Yao, Y. Zhong, J.P. Tu, Nanoscale. 10, 8162 (2018)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Y. Tian, S. Cong, W. Su, H. Chen, Q. Li, F. Geng, Z. Zhao, Nano Lett. 14, 2150 (2014)

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. S. Burkhardt, M.T. Elm, B. Lani-Wayda, P.J. Klar, Adv. Mater. Interfaces. 5, 1701587 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  135. J.H. Yu, H. Yang, R.H. Jung, J.W. Lee, J.H. Boo, Thin Solid Films. 664, 1 (2018)

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Y. Tian, Z. Li, S. Dou, X. Zhang, J. Zhang, L. Zhang, L. Wang, X. Zhao, Y. Li, Surf. Coat. Technol. 337, 63 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. J. Guo, X. Guo, H. Sun, Y. Xie, X. Diao, M. Wang, X. Zeng, Z.B. Zhang, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 13, 11067 (2021)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. D.M. DeLongchamp, P.T. Hammond, Chem. Mater. 16, 4799 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. S.F. Hong, S.C. Hwang, L.C. Chen, Electrochim. Acta. 53, 6215 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. P.J. Kulesza, K. Miecznikowski, M. Chojak, M.A. Malik, S. Zamponi, R. Marassi, Electrochim. Acta. 46, 4371 (2001)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. V.B. Isfahani, N. Memarian, H.R. Dizaji, A. Arab, M.M. Silva, Electrochim. Acta. 304, 282 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. H. Jia, X. Ji, Z. Shao, Z. Li, A. Huang, Z. Wen, S. Gu, P. Jin, X. Cao, Adv. Opt. Mater. 10, 2200106 (2022)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. H. Yu, J. Guo, C. Wang, J. Zhang, J. Liu, X. Zhong, G. Dong, X. Diao, Electrochim. Acta. 318, 644 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. W. Mengying, Y. Hang, W. Xu, D. Xungang, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells. 230, 111196 (2021)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  145. T.J. Vink, E.P. Boonekamp, R.G.F.A. Verbeek, Y. Tamminga, J. Appl. Phys. 85, 1540 (1999)

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. J. Guo, M. Wang, X. Diao, Z. Zhang, G. Dong, H. Yu, F. Liu, H. Wang, J. Liu, J. Phys. Chem. C 122, 19037 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. H. Li, C.J. Firby, A.Y. Elezzabi, Joule. 3, 2268 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. D. Qiu, H. Ji, X. Zhang, H. Zhang, H. Cao, G. Chen, T. Tian, Z. Chen, X. Guo, L. Liang, J. Gao, F. Zhuge, Inorg. Chem. 58, 2089 (2019)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. H. Li, A.Y. Elezzabi, Nanoscale Horiz. 5, 691 (2020)

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. B. Wang, M. Cui, Y. Gao, F. Jiang, W. Du, F. Gao, L. Kang, C. Zhi, H. Luo, Solar RRL. 4, 1900425 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. H. Li, W. Zhang, A.Y. Elezzabi, Adv. Mater. 32, 2003574 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

The author declares that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Ahmed H. Hammad

    Present address: Center of Nanotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Electron Microscope and Thin Films Department, Physics Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt

    Ahmed H. Hammad

Authors
  1. Ahmed H. Hammad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ahmed H. Hammad.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The author has no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Hammad, A.H. Thin films based on electrochromic materials for energy storage performance and smart windows applications: a review. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 35, 291 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-024-12009-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-024-12009-5

Search

Navigation