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Role of antisolvent-based two-step fabrication process in retention of structural stability of organic–inorganic perovskites

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Abstract

The organic–inorganic metal halide perovskites (OIMHPs) have been widely explored in recent years due to their competent performance in energy conversion and storage applications. We compare the time dynamics of structural, morphological, and optoelectronic attributes of Methylammonium lead Iodide (MAPbI3) thin films synthesized by a two-step solution processing route in two different ways, viz. without and with antisolvent vapor exposure. The time-dependent GIXD profiles reveal the better structural preservation of the antisolvent-exposed synthesized sample over 25 days, manifested by only slight emergence of PbI2 diffraction peak at 12.71°, unlike the other film devoid of antisolvent exposure where a strong PbI2 peak appears after 25 days, indicating the structural decomposition of MAPbI3. The structural degradation of the films devoid of antisolvent treatment is also corroborated by the appearance of an absorption onset at ~ 2.3 eV in the Tauc plot, attributed to the PbI2 bandgap. On the other hand, only a slight spectral shift, from ~ 1.55 eV (0 days) to ~ 1.67 eV (25 days), occurs in the assessed optical bandgap in the antisolvent-exposed films. A two-step mechanism, responsible for the structural phase retention in the antisolvent-exposed films, is proposed based on preferential intercalation and availability of more reaction sites that propel the exhaustive conversion of precursors leading to a structurally stable perovskite phase. This investigation may help address the issues of structural decomposition, which have been impeding the widespread application of OIMHPs into photovoltaics and other light energy harvesting applications.

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Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

Funding from the MoE-STARS, Govt. of India under the project MoE-STARS/STARS-1/231 is gratefully acknowledged. We would also like to thank the Central Instrumentation Facility at IIT Gandhinagar for facilitating several measurements.

Funding

This study was supported by MoE-STARS, Govt. of India, (MoE-STARS/STARS-1/231).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, 382355, India

    Manoj Singh, Tufan Paul, Nisha Hiralal Makani,  Dewanshi & Rupak Banerjee

  2. K C Patel Centre for Sustainable Development, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, 382355, India

    Rupak Banerjee

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  1. Manoj Singh
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the experimental design, data analysis, and manuscript organization. MS designed the experimental plan, performed research, analyzed data, and wrote the paper. TP, NHM, and D performed experiments and helped with data curation and analysis. RB supervised the project, validated the data, and reviewed and edited the manuscript at different stages.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rupak Banerjee.

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Singh, M., Paul, T., Makani, N.H. et al. Role of antisolvent-based two-step fabrication process in retention of structural stability of organic–inorganic perovskites. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 34, 1441 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-023-10856-2

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