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Modification of BaTiO3 for diversified applications by single Nd element substitution with wide doping range

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Abstract

In this work, A-site Nd doped BaTiO3 ceramics in the form of Ba1−xNd2x/3TiO3 with a wide substitution level range of x = 0–0.2 have been prepared via solid-state reaction method. Powder X-ray diffraction results reveal that Nd is completely incorporated into the BaTiO3 lattice in all specimens. Further analyses based on Rietveld refinement suggest that tetragonal and pseudo-cubic phases coexist in Ba1−xNd2x/3TiO3 ceramics with x ≤ 0.06, and the amount of tetragonal phase is raised with the increase of x value. When x value is larger than 0.08, only pseudo-cubic is observed. The generated \(V^{\prime\prime}_{{{\text{Ba}}}}\), \({\text{Nd}}_{{{\text{Ba}}}}^{\cdot }\) and \(V_{{\text{O}}}^{{\cdot \cdot }}\) defects, which are identified by X-ray photoelectron spectra, make the grain size displays a tendency of decrease first mainly due to the pining effect, and then increase ascribed to the accelerate of mass diffuse. By introducing such wide range of substitution level, Ba1−xNd2x/3TiO3 ceramics with colossal dielectric constant (x = 0.08), temperature-stable dielectric properties (x = 0.15), especially relaxor behavior (x = 0.20) noticed for the first time, are, respectively, received, which is closely related to the variation of phases and defects induced by the addition of Nd. This study may provide a special idea to modify BaTiO3 to satisfy diversified applications by single element with a wide doping range, and could lay the foundation of future works focusing on the various potential applications of Ba1−xNd2x/3TiO3 ceramics.

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The authors declare that all data generated during the study appear in the submitted article.

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Funding

This work is supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province of China (Grant No. 2022JJ30661 and 2022JJ40549) and the Research Project of National University of Defense Technology (ZK22-54).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, China

    Fenglin Wang, Haijun Mao, Xingyu Chen, Wei Li, Zhuofeng Liu, Weijun Zhang & Shuxin Bai

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Contributions

FW performed the experiments, data analyses and wrote the original draft of manuscript. HM contributed to the data analysis and manuscript preparation significantly. XC helped to perform the data analyses with constructive discussions and made the funding acquisition. WL provided great help on the XPS data analyses and made the funding acquisition. ZL provided the experimental reagents and instruments. WZ and SB contributed to the conception of the study.

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Correspondence to Haijun Mao or Weijun Zhang.

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Wang, F., Mao, H., Chen, X. et al. Modification of BaTiO3 for diversified applications by single Nd element substitution with wide doping range. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 34, 1062 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-023-10482-y

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