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Ambipolar 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxyl and unipolar KI/VOSO4 redox additives performance for ZnNH4PO4 @ carbon hollow sphere for battery-supercapacitor hybrid device

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Abstract

In the present investigation, as newly synthesized carbon hollow sphere (CHS) through hydrothermal process has been intercalated with as-synthesized zinc ammonium phosphate (ZnAP) @ four mass variates. The physicochemical (XRD, FTIR, Raman, SEM) and electrochemical characterizations (CV, GCD, and EIS) confirm the appropriate mass concentration of 75 mg CHS intercalated ZnAP (ZnAPCS3) enhancing the requisite properties needed for device applications in pure H2SO4. This selective hybrid composite optimization furtherance is improved by adding ambipolar redox additive [2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxyl (TEMPO)] in H2SO4, and the same is studied by adding unipolar redox additive in the same H2SO4 separately and their performances are reported as a first-time investigation. In half-cell studies, the specific capacity is found to be 1023 C g−1 @ 1 A g−1 in ambipolar added 2 M H2SO4, whereas it is found to be 1399 C g−1 in unipolar added. In full-cell studies, the ambipolar-based ZnAPCS3 (positrode)//reduced graphene oxide (negatrode) device delivers 268 C g−1 @ 1 A g −1 (48 Wh kg−1/320 W kg−1), whereas unipolar-based delivers 570 C g−1 (93 Wh kg−1/282 W kg−1) in the referenced potential window 0–1.8 V with their respective capacity retentions 94% for the former and 80% for the latter noted for 5000 cycles. Thus, the physicochemical/electrochemical investigations reveal the concentration dependency of CHS @ ZnAP and its performance on unipolar as well as ambipolar in H2SO4 for Ba-EC hybrid device applications are presented.

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Data availability

The datasets analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to Central Laboratory for Instrumentation and Facilitation (CLIF), Trivandrum, for XPS analysis, and DST—Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facilities (SAIF), Cochin, for TEM Imaging.

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  1. Solid State Ionics Lab, Department of Physics, The Gandhigram Rural Institute-Deemed to be University, Gandhigram, Tamil Nadu, 624302, India

    T. Arul Raja & Palanisamy Vickraman

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TAR helped in conceptualization, formal analysis, writing—original draft, and resources. PV contributed to investigation, supervision, writing—review editing, and project administration.

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Raja, T.A., Vickraman, P. Ambipolar 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxyl and unipolar KI/VOSO4 redox additives performance for ZnNH4PO4 @ carbon hollow sphere for battery-supercapacitor hybrid device. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 34, 734 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-023-10165-8

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