Abstract
In this study CdS and CdSe quantum dot sensitized solar cells (QDSCs) were fabricated using a double layer electron transport TiO2 scaffold. This mesoporous film was composed of a nanocrystalline TiO2 layer decorated with an interestingly formed TiO2 nanorods (NRs) over-film. The nanorods layer were hydrothermally grown on the basis of the underlying TiO2 nanoparticles and grown on random directions with interfaces which were clearly shown in the SEM images. The main target was to obtain the maximum ability of energy conversion for the QDSC with proposed photoanode structure. The thickness of transparent nanocrystalline sublayer and overgrown TiO2 NRs were measured about 5.0 and 2.0 µm, respectively. The CdS QDs film was deposited through successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction technique. The CdSe film was also efficiently formed in a short time by chemical bath deposition method. The back-recombination blocking ZnS and SiO2 layers were also applied for higher improvement. The cells were finally assembled using polysulfide electrolyte and CuS counter electrode. Different structural and optical analyses were performed at different stages on the photoanodes and finally the photovoltaic characterizations were carried out. The QDSCs were fabricated with and without CdSe and SiO2 films to show the effect of double sensitization and passivation. According to the results, the CdSe co-sensitizing QDs layer could improve the power conversion efficiency of the cells up to 19%. Besides, the SiO2 second passivating film could enhance the photovoltaic performance by 17% based on the performed measurements. The maximum efficiency was finally obtained about 3.7% and belonged to the QDSC with TiO2 NCs/NRs/CdS/CdSe/ZnS/SiO2 photoanode structure. This could be justified and compared with the performance of other photoanode structures based on the lower surface area but the higher light scattering in this double layer nanostructured TiO2 scaffold.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
We confirm that all data and information are mentioned in this article and whole information for the interested readers are available.
References
B. O’Regan, M. Gratze, A low-cost, high-efficiency solar cell based on dye-sensitized colloidal TiO2 film. Nature 353, 737–740 (1991)
S. Ananthakumar, D. Balaji, R. Ram Kumar et al., Role of co-sensitization in dye-sensitized and quantum dot-sensitized solar cells. SN Appl. Sci. 1, 186 (2019)
M.J.C. Burgos, S. Roa, B. Cerda, P. Manidurai, Effects of PbS-NPs doping on the photovoltaic performance of natural dye-sensitized TiO2 photoelectrodes. Solid State Commun. 340, 114523 (2021)
S. Rühle, M. Shalom, A. Zaban, Quantum-dot-sensitized solar cells. Chem. Phys. Chem. 11(11), 2290–2304 (2010)
H. Ren, A. Xu, Y. Pan, D. Qin, L. Hou, D. Wang, Efficient PbS quantum dot solar cells with both Mg-doped ZnO window layer and ZnO nanocrystal interface passivation layer. Nanomaterials (Basel) 11(1), 219 (2021)
J. Tian, G. Cao, Semiconductor quantum dot-sensitized solar cells. Nano Rev. 4, 22578 (2013). https://doi.org/10.3402/nano.v4i09
V.M. Rama Krishna, R.A. Friesner, Quantum confinement effects in semiconductor clusters. J. Chem. Phys 95, 8309 (1991)
G. Liu, S. Ji, G. Xu, C. Ye, Interface engineering: boosting the energy conversion efficiencies for nanostructured solar cells. Pure Appl. Chem 84, 2653–2675 (2012)
K.S. Kim, S. Park, M.-K. Son, H.-J. Kim, Ammonia treated ZnO nanoflowers based CdS/CdSe quantum dot sensitized solar cell. Electrochim. Acta 151, 531–536 (2015)
M. Kim, A. Ochirbat, J.H. Lee, CuS/CdS quantum dot composite sensitizer and its applications to various TiO2 mesoporous film-based solar cell devices. Langmuir 31(27), 7609–7615 (2015)
J. Tian, E. Uchaker, Q. Zhang, G. Cao, Hierarchically structured ZnO nanorods-nanosheets for improved quantum-dot-sensitized solar cells. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6(6), 4466–4472 (2014)
S.K. Kim, C.J. Raj, H.J. Kim, CdS/CdSe quantum dot-sensitized solar cells based on ZnO nanoparticle/nanorod composite electrodes. Electron. Mater. Lett. 10, 1137–1142 (2014)
H. Wang, M. Desbordes, Y. Xiao, T. Kubo, K. Tada, T. Bessho, J. Nakazaki, H. Segawa, Highly stable interdigitated PbS quantum dot and ZnO nanowire solar cells with an automatically embedded electron-blocking layer. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 4(6), 5918–5926 (2021)
T.V. Chebrolu, H.J. Kim, Recent progress in quantum dot sensitized solar cells: an inclusive review of photoanode, sensitizer, electrolyte, and the counter electrode. J. Mater. Chem. C 7, 4911–4933 (2019)
S. Pradhan, A. Stavrinadis, S. Gupta, G. Konstantatos, Reducing interface recombination through mixed nanocrystal interlayers in PbS quantum dot solar cells. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9(33), 27390–27395 (2017)
M. Marandi, F.S. Mirahmadi, Aqueous synthesis of the CdTe NCs and influence of size on photovoltaic performance of the CdS/CdTe co-sensitized solar cells. Alloys Compd. 800, 140–149 (2019)
G. Wang, H. Wei, Y. Luo, H. Wu, D. Li, X. Zhong, Q. Meng, A strategy to boost the cell performance of CdSexTe1_x quantum dot sensitized solar cells over 8% by introducing Mn modified CdSe coating layer. Power Sources. 302, 266–273 (2016)
Z. Pan, K. Zhao, J. Wang, H. Zhang, Y. Feng, X. Zhong, Near infrared absorption of CdSe(x)Te(1–x) alloyed quantum dot sensitized solar cells with more than 6% efficiency and high stability. ACS Nano 7, 5215–5222 (2013)
X. Zhang, Y. Lin, J. Wu, J. Jing, B. Fang, Improved performance of CdSe/CdS/PbS co-sensitized solar cell with double-layered TiO2 films as photoanode. Opt. Commun 395, 117–121 (2016)
Z. Yang, C.Y. Chen, W.C. Liu, T.H. Chang, Electrocatalytic sulfur electrodes for CdS/CdSe quantum. Chem. Commun. 46, 5485–5487 (2010)
F. Khodama, A. Amani-Ghadim, S. Aberac, Preparation of CdS quantum dot sensitized solar cell based on ZnTi-layered double hydroxide photoanode to enhance photovoltaic properties. Sol. Energy 181, 325–332 (2019)
S. Rühle, S. Yahav, Sh. Greenwald, A. Zaban, Importance of recombination at the TCO/electrolyte interface for high efficiency quantum dot sensitized solar cells. J. Phys. Chem. C 116(33), 17473–17478 (2012)
V. Jovanovski, V. González-Pedro, S. Giménez, E. Azaceta, G. Cabañero, H. Grande, R. Tena-Zaera, I. Mora-Seró, J. Bisquert, A sulfide/polysulfide-based ionic liquid electrolyte for quantum dot-sensitized solar cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc 133(50), 20156–20159 (2011)
A.L. King, W. Hao, L. Danos, D.J. Riley, Activation of CdSe quantum dots after exposure to polysulfide. Phys. Chem. C 118(26), 14555–14561 (2014)
Y.-Y. Yang, Q.-X. Zhang, T.-Z. Wang, L.-F. Zhu, X.-M. Huang, Y.-D. Zhang, X. Hu, D.-M. Li, Y.-H. Luo, Q.-B. Meng, Novel tandem structure employing mesh-structured Cu2S counter electrode for enhanced performance of quantum dot-sensitized solar cells. Electrochim. Acta 88, 44–50 (2013)
Ch. K. Kamaja, R. R. Devarapalli, Dave, J. Debgupta M V. Shelke” Synthesis of novel Cu2S nanohusks as high performance counter electrode for CdS/CdSe sensitized solar cell” Power Sources 315 (2016) 277e283.
V.H.V. Quy, J.-H. Kim, S.-H. Kang, C.-J. Choi, J.A. Rajesh, K.-S. Ahn, Enhanced electrocatalytic activity of electrodeposited F-doped SnO2/Cu2S electrodes for quantum dot-sensitized solar cells. Power Sources 316, 53–59 (2016)
T. Toyoda, Q. Shen, Quantum-dot-sensitized solar cells: effect of nanostructured TiO2 morphologies on photovoltaic properties. J. Phys. Chem. Lett 3, 1885 (2012)
J. Tian, E. Uchaker, Q. Zhang, G. Cao, “Hierarchically structured ZnO nanorods-nanosheets for improved quantum-dot-sensitized solar cells. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6, 4466 (2014)
S.Y. Chae, J.Y. Hwang, O.S. Joo, Role of HA additive in quantum dot solar cell with Co [(bpy)3]2+/3+-based electrolyte. RSC Adv. 4, 26907–26911 (2014)
S. Ananthakumar, D. Balaji, J. Ram Kumar et al., Role of co-sensitization in dye-sensitized and quantum dot-sensitized solar cells. SN Appl Sci 1, 186 (2019)
A.M. Siguan, D. Becker-Koch, A.D. Taylor, Q. Qing Sun, V. Vincent Lami, P.G. Oppenheimer, F. Paulus, Y. Yana Vaynzof, Efficient and stable PbS quantum dot solar cells by triple-cation Perovskite passivation. ACS Nano 14(1), 384–393 (2020)
A. Roy, P. Das, M. Tathavadekar, S. Das, P.S. Devi, Performance of colloidal CdS sensitized solar cells with ZnO nanorods/nanoparticles. Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 8, 210–221 (2017)
J. Qi, W. Liu, C. Biswas, G. Zhang, L. Sun, Z. Wang, X. Hu, Y. Zhang, Enhanced power conversion efficiency of CdS quantum dot sensitized solar cells with ZnO nanowire arrays as the photoanodes. Optics Commun. 349, 19 (2015)
R. Zhou et al., Influence of deposition strategies on CdSe quantum dot-sensitized solar cells: a comparison between successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction and chemical bath deposition. J. Mater. Chem. A 3, 12539–21254 (2015)
L. Yue, H. Rao, J. Du, Z. Pan, J. Yu, X. Zhong, Comparative advantages of Zn–Cu–In–S alloy QDs in the construction of quantum dot-sensitized solar cells. RSC Adv 8, 3637–3645 (2018)
F. He, W. Wang, W. Xue, Y. Xie, Q. Zhou, J. Zhang, Y. Li, Al/Zn co-incorporated Cu–In–Se quantum dots for high efficiency quantum dot sensitized solar cells. New J. Chem 44, 4304–4310 (2020)
M.G.P. Stolle, C.J. Reid, D.K. Rhee, D.J. Harvey, T.B. Akhavan, V.A. Yu, Y. Korgel, CuInSe2 quantum dot solar cells with high open-circuit voltage. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 4, 2030–2034 (2013)
F. Huang, J. Hou, Q.F. Zhang, Y. Wang, R.C. Masse, S.L. Peng, H.L. Wang, J.S. Liu, G.Z. Cao, Doubling the power conversion efficiency in CdS/CdSe quantum dot sensitized solar cells with a ZnSe passivation layer. Nano Energy 26, 114–122 (2016)
M. Marandi, M. Nazari, Application of TiO2 hollow spheres and ZnS/SiO2 double-passivaiting layers in the photoanode of the CdS/CdSe QDs sensitized solar cells for the efficiency enhancement. Sol. Energy 216, 48–60 (2021)
D.M. Li, L.Y. Cheng, Y.D. Zhang, Q.X. Zhang, X.M. Huang, Y.H. Luo et al., Development of Cu2S/carbon composite electrode for CdS/CdSe quantum dot sensitized solar cell modules. Sol Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 120, 454 (2014)
K. Zhao, Z. Pan, I. Mora-Sero, E. Canovas, H. Hai Wang, Y. Song, X. Gong, J. Wang, M. Bonn, J. Bisquert et al., Boosting power conversion efficiencies of quantum-dot sensitized solar cells beyond 8% by recombination control. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 137, 5602–5609 (2015)
Z. Ren, J. Wang, Z. Pan, K. Zhao, H. Zhang, Y. Li, Y. Zhao, I.M. Sero, J. Bisquert, X. Zhong, Amorphous TiO2 buffer layer boosts efficiency of quantum dot sensitized solar cells to over 9%. Chem. Mater 27, 8398–8405 (2015)
L. Yu, Z. Li, Synthesis of ZnxCd1-xSe@ZnO hollow spheres in different sizes for quantum dots sensitized solar cells application. Nanomaterials (Basel) 9(2), 132 (2019)
J. Khanam, Y. Simon, Y. Zhibin, L. Tianhan, M. Pengsu, Efficient, stable, and low-cost PbS quantum dot solar cells with Cr–Ag electrodes. Nanomaterials 9, 1205–1216 (2019)
A. Manjceevan, J. Bandara, Systematic stacking of PbS/ CdS/CdSe multi-layered quantum dots for the enhancement of solar cell efficiency by harvesting wide solar spectrum. Electrochim. Acta 271, 567–575 (2018)
F. Huang et al., Impacts of surface or interface chemistry of ZnSe passivation layer on the performance of CdS/CdSe quantum dot sensitized solar cells. Nano Energy 32, 433–440 (2017)
X. Zhong et al., High-quality violet- to red-emitting ZnSe/CdSe core/shell nanocrystals. Chem. Mater 17(16), 4038–4042 (2017)
L. Dongmei, Q. Meng, Composite counter electrode based on nanoparticulate PbS and carbon black: towards quantum dot-sensitized solar cells with both high efficiency and stability. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 4(11), 6162–6168 (2012)
H. Juan, H. Zhao, F. Huang, L. Chen, W. Qiang, L. Zhiyong, P. Shanglong, N. Wang, C. Guozhong, Facile one-step fabrication of CdS 0.12 Se 0.88 quantum dots with a ZnSe/ ZnS-passivation layer for highly efficient quantum dot sensitized solar cells. J. Mater. Chem. A 6(21), 9866–9873 (2018)
M.C. Beard, Multiple exciton generation in semiconductor quantum dots. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2, 1282–1288 (2011)
Z. Pan, I. Mora- Sero, Q. Shen, H. Zhang, Y. Li, K. Zhao, J. Wang, X. Zhong, J. Bisquert, High-efficiency “green” quantum dot solar cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc 136(25), 9203–9210 (2014)
Z.F. Liu, M. Miyauchi, Y. Uemura, Y. Cui, K. Hara, Z.G. Zhao, K. Sunahara, A. Furube, Enhancing the performance of quantum dots sensitized solar cell by SiO2 surface coating. Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 233107 (2010)
F. Khodam, A.R. Amani-Ghadim, S. Aber, Mg nanoparticles core-CdS QDs shell heterostructures with ZnS passivation layer for efficient quantum dot sensitized solar cell. Electrochim. Acta 308, 25–34 (2019)
H.J. Kim et al., Improved photovoltaic performance and stability of quantum dot sensitized solar cells using Mn-ZnSe shell structure with enhanced light absorption and recombination control. Nanoscale 7, 12552–12563 (2015)
J. Kim, H. Choi, C. Nahm, J. Moon, C. Kim, S. Nam, D.R. Jung, B. Park, The effect of a blocking layer on the photovoltaic performance in CdS quantum dot sensitized solar cells. Power Sources 196, 10526–10531 (2011)
Z. Li, L. Yu, H. Wang, H. Yang, H. Ma, TiO2 passivation layer on ZnO hollow microspheres for quantum dots sensitized solar cells with improved light harvesting and electron collection. Nanomaterials (Basel) 10(4), 631 (2020)
N. Chaurasiya, U. Kumar, S. Sikarwar, B.C. Yadav, P.K. Yadawa, Growth of rutile TiO2 nanorods on TiO2 seed layer prepared using facile low cost chemical methods. Mater. Lett. 116, 191–194 (2014)
M. Marandi, F.F. Ahangarani, M. Davoudi, Fabrication of submicron/micron size cavities included TiO2 photoelectrodes and optimization of light scattering to improve the photovoltaic performance of CdS quantum dot sensitized solar cells. Electroanal. Chem. 799, 167–174 (2017)
M. Naeimi Sani Sabet, M. Marandi, F. Ahmadlou, Fabrication of dye sensitized solar cells with different photoanode compositions using hydrothermally grown and P25 TiO2 nanocrystals. Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys. 69, 20401 (2015)
D. Wu, X. Shi, H. Dong, F. Zhu, K. Jiang, D. Xu, X. Ai, J. Zhang, The effect of photoanode structure on the performances of quantum-dot-sensitized solar cells: a case study of the anatase TiO2 nanocrystals and polydisperse mesoporous spheres hybrid photoanodes. Mater. Chem. A 2, 16276–16284 (2014)
Funding
The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by MN. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Dr. MM and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Marandi, M., Nazari, M. Facile fabrication of CdS and CdSe quantum dots sensitized solar cells with TiO2 nanocrystals/nanorods electron transport scaffold and SiO2 passivating film. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 34, 834 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-023-10162-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-023-10162-x