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Systematic study of the influence of the K/Na ratio on the structure, microstructure, and electrical properties of (KxNa1−x)NbO3 lead-free ceramics

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Abstract

Lead-free KxNa1−xNbO3 (KNN) ceramics with x = 0.35–0.49 were successfully synthesized and systematically studied. The effects of the K/Na ratio on the electrical properties of the materials were also studied. The results revealed that the KNN ceramics with the K/Na ratio of 41/59 consisted of uniform particles with an average size of 2.21 μm. The particles were tightly packed and suitable for the fabrication of samples with the maximum ceramic density (ρ = 4.36 g/cm3) under conditions of varying compositional ratios. XRD patterns recorded for the KNN ceramics revealed the presence of the pure orthorhombic perovskite phase, in which the lattice parameters increase with an increase in the x value. This resulted in the monotonic shift toward the lower 2θ regions. Furthermore, the experimental results also showed that the KNN ceramic properties were further enhanced by adjusting the Na/K ratio of the A-site. The materials exhibited the best physical, dielectric, and ferroelectric properties (ε = 470, kp = 0.32, kt = 0.5, d33 = 120 pC/N, Pr = 11.6 µC/cm2) when the K/Na ratio was 41/59. In addition, the Wrec, η, Smax, and d33* values tended to increase with an increase in the x value. The maximum values of 0.464 J/cm3, 30.34%, 0.097%, and 241 pm/V, respectively, were recorded at a K/Na ratio of 45/55. Under these conditions, improved energy storage and converse piezoelectric properties could be realized for KNN ceramics.

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Acknowledgements

This research was funded by Ministry of Education and Training under Grant Number B2022-ĐHH-06.

Funding

This research was funded by Ministry of Education and Training under Grant Number B2022-ĐHH-06.

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  1. University of Sciences, Hue University, Hue city, Vietnam

    Le Tran Uyen Tu & Phan Dinh Gio

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  1. Le Tran Uyen Tu
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  2. Phan Dinh Gio
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All authors contributed to the study concept and design including doing experiments as well as discussing writing the manuscript. The manuscript was read and approved by all authors.

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Correspondence to Le Tran Uyen Tu.

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Tu, L.T.U., Gio, P.D. Systematic study of the influence of the K/Na ratio on the structure, microstructure, and electrical properties of (KxNa1−x)NbO3 lead-free ceramics. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 34, 217 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-022-09475-0

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