Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Synthesis and optoelectronic characterization of coronene/CdO self-powered photodiode

  • Published:
Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this study, it is aimed to present the coronene/CdO hybrid heterojunction, which has not been grown epitaxially on each other before, as an alternative to optoelectronic application areas. Firstly, CdO thin film was grown on a conductive layer (ITO) using the electrochemical deposition method. Then, coronene organic semiconductor was grown on CdO thin film using thermal evaporation method and coronene/CdO hybrid heterojunction was produced. The optical analysis of the fabricated heterojunction was examined in the wavelength range of 300–850 nm, and optical parameters were determined. It was observed that the the absorption coefficient (α) value of the heterojunction was in the order of ≈106 m−1 and the Eg value (2.01 eV) was in the visible region. The diode parameters of the coronene/CdO hybrid heterojunction which showed negative differential resistance (NDR) effect behavior were determined, and it was observed that the ideality factor value was 7.58, the series resistance value was ≈103 Ω, the shunt resistance value was ≈105 Ω, the barrier height value was ≈0.3 eV, and the reverse saturation current value was ≈10–8 A. The photodetector and photovoltaic characterization of the coronene/CdO hybrid heterojunction at different light intensity values was investigated under ± 0.1 V and with zero bias. It is observed that it exhibited self-powered diode behavior under zero bias and the heterojunction was light-sensitive. The determined maximum photocurrent (Iph), responsivity (R), sensitivity and specific detectivity (D*) values were found to be 2.03 × 10–7 A, 1.53 × 10–2 A.W−1, 7.44 × 10–8 S.m.W−1 and 9.94 × 109 Jones, respectively. In addition, the Isc and Voc values increased with the increase in the light intensity and the maximum FF% value was 31.14%.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

References

  1. B.G. Lewis, D.C. Paine, Applications and processing of transparent conducting oxides. MRS Bull. 25(8), 22–27 (2000)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. A. Altuntepe et al., Hybrid transparent conductive electrode structure for solar cell application. Renewable Energy 180, 178–185 (2021)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. R.J. Wu et al., A selective methane gas sensor based on metal oxide semiconductor equipped with an on-chip microfilter. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 359, 131557 (2022)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. R. Chandiramouli, B.G. Jeyaprakash, Review of CdO thin films. Solid State Sci. 16, 102–110 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. J. Tao et al., Investigation of growth characteristics, compositions, and properties of atomic layer deposited amorphous Zn-doped Ga2O3 films. Appl. Surf. Sci. 476, 733–740 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. J.-J. Tao et al., Modification of 1D TiO 2 nanowires with GaO x N y by atomic layer deposition for TiO 2@ GaO x N y core–shell nanowires with enhanced photoelectrochemical performance. Nanoscale 12(13), 7159–7173 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. İ Orak et al., The diode and photodiode performances of BaZrO3 perovskite-based device under the influence of thermal and light external stimuli. Sens. Actuators, A 337, 113413 (2022)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. S.R. Yousefi et al., Dy2BaCuO5/Ba4DyCu3O9.09 S-scheme heterojunction nanocomposite with enhanced photocatalytic and antibacterial activities. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 104(7), 2952–2965 (2021)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. I.L.P. Raj et al., A comprehensive study on effect of annealing on structural, morphological and optical properties of CdO and photodetection of heterojunction n-CdO/p-Si diode. Optik 241, 166406 (2021)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. K. Choudhary et al., Sustainable behavior of cauliflower like morphology of Y-doped ZnO:CdO nanocomposite thin films for CO2 gas sensing application at low operating temperature. J. Alloys Compounds 879, 160479 (2021)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. P. Sakthivel et al., Radio frequency magnetron sputtered CdO thin films for optoelectronic applications. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 126, 1–10 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. H.B. Lu et al., Fabrication of CdO nanotubes via simple thermal evaporation. Mater. Lett. 62(24), 3928–3930 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. K. Sirohi et al., Synthesis and characterization of CdO–SnO2 nanocomposites prepared by hydrothermal method. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters) 31(3), 254–262 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. S.R. Yousefi et al., Hydrothermal synthesis of DyMn2O5/Ba3Mn2O8 nanocomposite as a potential hydrogen storage material. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 44(43), 24005–24016 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. T. Singh, D.K. Pandya, R. Singh, Annealing studies on the structural and optical properties of electrodeposited CdO thin films. Mater. Chem. Phys. 130(3), 1366–1371 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. F. Roth et al., Electronic structure of undoped and potassium-doped coronene investigated by electron energy-loss spectroscopy. Phys. Rev. B (2012). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.85.014513

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. W.M. Haynes, D.R. Lide, T.J. Bruno, CRC handbook of chemistry and physics (CRC Press, 2016)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  18. A.D. Chanyshev et al., Transition from melting to carbonization of naphthalene, anthracene, pyrene and coronene at high pressure. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 270, 29–39 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. M.M. El-Nahass, H.A.M. Ali, Temperature dependent I–V characterization of Coronene/p-Si based heterojunctions: space charge limited current, Schottky emission at high voltages, thermionic emission and pool-Frenkel emission at low voltages. Solid State Sci 106, 106297 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. M.O. Erdal, Photoresponse properties of coronene nanowires thin-film-based photodiode. J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron. 31(21), 18980–18987 (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  21. J. Xiao et al., Preparation, characterization, and photoswitching/light-emitting behaviors of coronene nanowires. J. Mater. Chem. 21(5), 1423–1427 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Ünal, F., ITO cam üzerine büyütülen InSe/rubrene, CIS/rubrene, CIGS/rubrene, InSe/coronene, CIS/coronene, CIGS/coronene heteroeklemlerin yapısal, optik ve elektriksel özelliklerinin belirlenmesi, 2021.

  23. S. Saha et al., Electrodeposition of Cadmium from Lewis basic hydrophobic room-temperature ionic liquid. Electrochemistry 86(5), 229–234 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. F. Ünal, S. Demir, H. Mammadov, Structural, surface morphological, optical and electrical properties of InxSey thin films, an absorber layer for photovoltaic cells fabricated by M-CBD method using different variables. Turk. J Chem. 45(6), 1761–1773 (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  25. M. Zurnacı et al., Synthesis of a new 1, 3, 4-thiadiazole-substituted phenanthroimidazole derivative, its growth on glass/ITO as a thin film and analysis of some surface and optoelectronic properties. New J. Chem. 45(48), 22678–22690 (2021)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. S. AktaŞ, F. Ünal, Investigation of structural and electrical properties of metal oxide and organic based multi heterojunction. Karadeniz Fen Bilimleri Dergisi 12(1), 508–520 (2022)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. D. Dwivedi, B. Singh, M. Dubey, Structural and optical investigations of Cd1−xZnxTe thin film. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 356(31–32), 1563–1568 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. F. Kırmızıgül, E. Güneri, C. Gümüş, Effects of different deposition conditions on the properties of Cu2S thin films. Phil. Mag. 93(5), 511–523 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. A. Yeşildağ et al., Optical and electrical properties of pyrene-imine organic interface layer based on p-Si. J. Electron. Mater. 50(11), 6448–6458 (2021)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. A. Patel et al., Fabrication, photoresponse and temperature dependence of n-VO2/n-MoSe2 heterojunction diode. Superlattices Microstruct. 130, 160–167 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. B. Gündüz et al., The photo-electrical properties of the p-Si/Fe(II)–polymeric complex/Au diode. Synth. Met. 184, 73–82 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. M.M. El-Nahass, H.A.M. Ali, Temperature dependent I-V characterization of Coronene/p-Si based heterojunctions: space charge limited current, Schottky emission at high voltages, thermionic emission and pool-Frenkel emission at low voltages. Solid State Sci. 106, 106297 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. H.G. Çetinkaya et al., Photovoltaic characteristics of Au/PVA (Bi-doped)/n-Si Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) at various temperatures. Curr. Appl. Phys. 13(6), 1150–1156 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. V. Rajagopal Reddy et al., Electrical and carrier transport properties of Ti/α-amylase/p-InP MPS junction with a α-amylase polymer interlayer. J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron. 32, 1–14 (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  35. T.U. Kampen, S. Park, D.R.T. Zahn, Barrier height engineering of Ag/GaAs(100) Schottky contacts by a thin organic interlayer. Appl. Surf. Sci. 190(1), 461–466 (2002)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Y. Vaknin, R. Dagan, Y. Rosenwaks, Schottky barrier height and image force lowering in monolayer MoS2 field effect transistors. Nanomaterials 10(12), 2346 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. A. Kastalsky et al., Negative-resistance field-effect transistor grown by organometallic chemical vapor deposition. Solid-State Electron. 29(10), 1073–1077 (1986)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Ş Aydoğan, Katıhal Fiziği (Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık, 2014)

    Google Scholar 

  39. P. Bedrossian et al., Demonstration of the tunnel-diode effect on an atomic scale. Nature 342(6247), 258–260 (1989)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. O. Yilmazoglu et al., First observation of bias oscillations in GaN gunn diodes on GaN substrate. IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 55(6), 1563–1567 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. S. Rehman et al., Current rectification, resistive switching, and stable NDR effect in BaTiO3/CeO2 heterostructure devices. Adv. Electron. Mater. 7(6), 2001237 (2021)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. J.-C. Li, X. Gong, Diode rectification and negative differential resistance of dipyrimidinyl–diphenyl molecular junctions. Org. Electron. 14(10), 2451–2458 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Ş Aydoğan, Ö. Güllü, A. Türüt, Fabrication and electrical characterization of a silicon Schottky device based on organic material. Phys. Scr. 79(3), 035802 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. I. Missoum et al., Microelectronic properties of organic Schottky diodes based on MgPc for solar cell applications. Synth. Met. 214, 76–81 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. M. Pope, C.E. Swenberg, Electronic processes in organic crystals and polymers, vol. 56 (Oxford University Press on Demand, 1999)

    Google Scholar 

  46. Ş Aydoğan et al., Extraction of electronic parameters of Schottky diode based on an organic Orcein. Microelectron. Eng. 87(12), 2525–2530 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Ö. Güllü, Ş Aydoğan, A. Türüt, Fabrication and electrical characteristics of Schottky diode based on organic material. Microelectron. Eng. 85(7), 1647–1651 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Z. Liu et al., Temperature-dependent charge transport in Al/Al nanocrystal embedded Al2O3 nanocomposite/p-Si diodes. ECS Solid State Lett. 1(1), Q4–Q7 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. M.A. Lampert, R.B. Schilling, Chapter 1 current ınjection in solids: the regional approximation method, in Semiconductors and semimetals. ed. by R.K. Willardson, A.C. Beer (Elsevier, 1970), pp.1–96

    Google Scholar 

  50. Z. Çaldıran et al., Space charge limited current mechanism (SCLC) in the graphene oxide–Fe3O4 nanocomposites/n-Si heterojunctions. J. Alloy. Compd. 631, 261–265 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. A. Shetty et al., Temperature dependent electrical characterisation of Pt/HfO2/n-GaN metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) Schottky diodes. AIP Adv. 5(9), 097103 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. F. Unal, M.S. Kurt, S. Durdu, Investigation of the effect of light on the electrical parameters of Si/TiO2 heterojunctions produced by anodic oxidation on p-type Si wafer. J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron. 33, 15834–15847 (2022)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. ÜNal, F., S. AktaŞ, Electrical characterization of n-type doped metal oxide/p-type Si Photosensitive Heterojunction. J. Inst. Sci. Technol. 1506–1517 (2022).

  54. H.M.J. Al-Ta’ii, V. Periasamy, Y.M. Amin, Electronic characterization of Au/DNA/ITO metal-semiconductor-metal diode and its application as a radiation sensor. PLOS ONE 11(1), e0145423 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. S.K. Cheung, N.W. Cheung, Extraction of Schottky diode parameters from forward current-voltage characteristics. Appl. Phys. Lett. 49(2), 85–87 (1986)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. A. Farag, Structure and transport mechanisms of Si/porous Si n–p junctions prepared by liquid phase epitaxy. Appl. Surf. Sci. 255(6), 3493–3498 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. L. Peng, L. Hu, X. Fang, Energy harvesting for nanostructured self-powered photodetectors. Adv. Func. Mater. 24(18), 2591–2610 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. W. Tian et al., Self-powered nanoscale photodetectors. Small 13(45), 1701848 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Photodetectors and solar cells. In Physics of semiconductor devices, pp. 663–742 (2006).

  60. X. Zhang, X. Zhang, L. Wang, Y. Wu, Y. Wang, P. Gao, Y. Han, J. Jie, ZnSe nanowire/Si p-n heterojunctions: device construction and optoelectronic applications. Nanotechnology 24(39), 395201 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/24/39/395201

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. D. Kaur, M. Kumar, A strategic review on gallium oxide based deep-ultraviolet photodetectors: recent progress and future prospects. Adv. Optic. Mater. 9(9), 2002160 (2021)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. F. Ünal, Investigation of diode parameters of photoconductive and photovoltaic p-Type Si/Ge-doped WOx heterojunction. J. Electron. Mater. 51, 6397–6409 (2022)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. M. Farbod, R. Taheri, A. Kosarian, High performance photoresponsivity and high frequency of phosphorene/metal heterojunction as Schottky photodiode rectifier. Appl. Mater. Today 24, 101092 (2021)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. D. Bartesaghi et al., Competition between recombination and extraction of free charges determines the fill factor of organic solar cells. Nat. Commun. 6(1), 7083 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. S. Aktas, Electrical characterisation of photosensitive Si/W–Ge oxide composite heterojunction. Opt. Mater. 132, 112839 (2022)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. O. Sevgili et al., Characterization of aluminum 8-hydroxyquinoline microbelts and microdots, and photodiode applications. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 136, 109128 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

The authors have not disclosed any funding.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Central Research Laboratory, Application and Research Center, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey

    Fatih Unal

  2. Department of Fundamental Science, Science Faculty, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey

    Mustafa Sukru Kurt

  3. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey

    Sitki Aktas

  4. Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Art, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey

    Mehmet Kabaer

Authors
  1. Fatih Unal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mustafa Sukru Kurt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sitki Aktas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Mehmet Kabaer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

FU was involved in conceptualization, formal analysis, investigation, methodology, project administration, resources, software, validation, visualization, writing the draft, and writing, reviewing and editing. MŞK was responsible for investigation, methodology, resources, visualization, writing the original draft, and writing, reviewing and editing. SA participated in methodology, resources, visualization, writing the original draft, and writing, reviewing and editing. MK took part in investigation, methodology, resources, writing the original draft, and writing, reviewing and editing.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Fatih Unal.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

This article is original. The article has been written by the stated authors that are all aware of its content and approve its submission. The article has not been published previously. The article is not under consideration for publication elsewhere. No conflict of interest exists, or if such conflict exists, the exact nature must be declared. If accepted, the article will not be published elsewhere in the same form, in any language, without the written consent of the publisher.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Unal, F., Kurt, M.S., Aktas, S. et al. Synthesis and optoelectronic characterization of coronene/CdO self-powered photodiode. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 33, 25304–25317 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-022-09237-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-022-09237-y

Search

Navigation