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Development of La-impregnated TiO2 based ethanol sensors for next generation automobile application

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Abstract

Bio-fuel, a blend of ethanol (~ 10 to 85%) and gasoline with various compositions, is one of the promising next generation energy sources in automobile industries, especially in flex-fuel vehicles. Here, the detection of ethanol content is essential for adjusting different fuel combustion parameters. But till date no dedicated sensor is available in the market for this purpose. With this perspective, in the present work, we have developed a selective ethanol sensor based on La3+ impregnated TiO2, which would be capable to detect and differentiate different high concentration of ethanol in gasoline quite precisely. We have used a facile sol–gel procedure to synthesize the pristine and La-impregnated (~ 2 to 6 at.%) titania nanopowders. The phase transformation, structural, and morphological analyses were carried out using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), UV–Visible and photoluminescence (PL) measurements. Taguchi type sensors were fabricated from the as-prepared powders and their ethanol sensing performances were studied. ~ 4 at.% of La concentration was found to be most efficient to stabilize the sensing favorable anatase phase of TiO2, as well as gave the best sensing response, ~ 82% in 10% ethanol at operating temperature of ~ 350 °C. This sensing response increased to 96% for pure ethanol. The selectivity of the sensor toward the ethanol with respect to other gases in bio-fuel was quite high. A model bio-fuel composition (E10) was also prepared and performance was evaluated.

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Data availability statement

As the reported work is the outcome of a funded project of CSIR-India (MLP0308). The detailed data of the work is not available.

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Acknowledgments

The authors are expressing their gratitude to The Director, CSIR-CGCRI and Head Functional Materials and Devices Division for the permission to publish the paper. Materials Characterization Division of CSIR-CGCRI is also acknowledged for extending their facilities. The authors are also thankful to Md. Jalaluddin Mondal and Raju Manna for their help in sensor module preparation. The financial help from project MLP0308 also acknowledged.

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  1. Functional Materials and Devices Division, CSIR- Central Glass & Ceramic Research Institute, Kolkata, 700032, India

    Saheli Bhattacharjee, Sovandeb Sen & Susmita Kundu

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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by SB and SS. The first draft of the manuscript was written by SB and SK revised the manuscript for important intellectual content. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Bhattacharjee, S., Sen, S. & Kundu, S. Development of La-impregnated TiO2 based ethanol sensors for next generation automobile application. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 33, 15296–15312 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-022-08394-4

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