Abstract
The single crystal of barium ion-doped γ-Glycine (BGG) has been synthesized by slow evaporation technique. The grown crystal was subjected to the characterization studies such as XRD, nucleation Kinetics, UV, FTIR, micro-hardness, SEM with EDAX, SHG analysis, NMR, and thermal Studies. The cell parameters a = b = 7.210, c = 5.845, α = β = 90°, and γ = 120° revealed that BGG belongs to the hexagonal crystal system with P31 space group. The nucleation kinetic parameters were derived from nucleation studies and an agreement between the experimental and theoretical values of interfacial surface energy has been established. Optical transparency of the grown crystal was investigated by UV spectrum. The lower optical cutoff wavelength and the band gap values have been found to be at 328 nm and 3.5 eV, respectively. The vibrational frequencies of various functional groups in the crystal have been derived from FTIR spectrum and further employed to identify the molecular structure of the crystal. Microhardness mechanical studies carried out by Vickers microhardness method showed that hardness number (HV) increases with load for BGG crystal. Surface morphology of the grown crystal has been examined through SEM with EDAX. Kurtz Perry technique has been adopted to measure the Second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency of the title crystal and has been found to be 1.16 times as that of standard KDP. The chemical structure and the molecular arrangement position of the grown crystal were established by 13C and 1H NMR spectrum. The thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis showed that BGG is thermally stable up to 320.43 °C. The results of the aforementioned characterizations attested that the grown BGG crystal can be used as a potential fabrication material in nonlinear optical devices.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability (data transparency)
Maintained.
References
M.M. Khandpekar, S.S. Dongare, S.B. Patil, S.P. Pati, Growth and characterization of GSZS crystals with enhanced transparency window for nonlinear optical applications. J. Opt. Commun. 284, 3548–3551 (2011)
D. Jananakumar, P. Mani, Study of amino acid based non – linear optical materials. Indian J. Pure Appl. Phys. 53, 819–882 (2015)
C. Joulaud, Y. Mugnier, G. Djanta, Characterization of the nonlinear optical properties of nano crystals by hyper rayleigh scattering. J. Nano Biotechnol. 11, 1–9 (2013)
M. Mahendra, S.P.P. Khandpekar, Synthesis and characterisation of glycine sodium nitrate crystals having nonlinear optical behaviour. J. Opt. Commun. 285, 288–293 (2012)
P. Sagunthala, V. Veeravazhuthi, P. Hemalatha, P. Yosotha, A study on the growth and characterization of zinc sulphate mono hydrate doped glycine NLO single crystal. J. Ferroelectr. 504, 96–103 (2016)
P. Illayabarathi, J. Chandrasekaran, Growth and characterisation of L-alanine cadmium bromide a semi organic nonlinear optical crystals. J. Spectrochem. Acta Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 96, 684–689 (2012)
D. Jananakumar, P. Mani, Some of the amino acid based non linear optical materials. Indian J. Pure Appl. Phys. 53, 819–826 (2015)
M.K. Gupta, N. Sinha, B. Kumar, Growth and characterization of new semi-organic-L-proline strontium chloride monohydrate single crystals. J. Phys. B 406, 63–67 (2011)
M. Lenin, G. Bhavannarayana, P. Ramasamy, Synthesis, growth, and characterization of a non-linear optical crystal-glycine lithium chloride. J. Opt. Commun. 282, 1202–1206 (2009)
R. Ashok Kumar, R. Ezhil Vizhi, N. Sivakumar, N. Vijayan, D. Rajan Babu, Crystal growth, optical and thermal studies of nonlinear optical γ-glycine single crystal grown from lithium nitrate. Int. J. Light Electron Opt. 123, 409–413 (2012)
K. Ambujam, K. Rajarajan, S. Selvakumar, I. Vetha potheher, P. Ginson, P. Joseph, P. Sagayaraj, Growth and characterization of a novel NLO crystal bis-glycine hydrogen chloride (BGHC). J. Cryst. Growth 286, 440–444 (2006)
S.D. Zulifiqar Ali Ahamed, G.R. Dillip, P. Raghavaiah, K. Mallikarjuna, B. Deva Prasad Raju, Spectroscopic and thermal studies of γ-glycine crystal grown from potassium bromide for optoelectronic applications. Arab. J. Chem. 6, 429–433 (2013)
G.R. Dillip, G. Bhagavannarayana, P. Raghavaiah, B. Deva Prasad Raju, Effect of magnesium chloride on growth, crystalline perfection, structural, optical, thermal and NLO behaviour of γ – glycine crystals. J. Mater. Chem. Phys. 134, 371–376 (2012)
A. Arputha Latha, M. Anbuchezhiyan, C. Charles Kankam, K. Selvarani, Synthesis and characterization of γ-glycine a nonlinear optical single crystal for optoelectronic and photonic application. J Mater. Sci. Poland 35, 140–150 (2017)
S. Sankar, M.R. Manikandan, S.D. Gopal Ram, T. Mahalingam, G. Ravi, Gel growth of α and γ-glycine and their characterization. J. Cryst. Growth 312, 2729–2733 (2010)
M. Narayan Bhat, S.M. Dharmaprakash, Growth of nonlinear optical γ-glycine crystals. J. Cryst. Growth 236, 376–380 (2002)
G. Pushpalatha GracelinS, C. Krishna, P. Selvarajan, Studies of gamma glycine crystals grown in the aqueous solution of zinc chloride. Int. J. Adv. Trends Eng. Technol. 2, 229–237 (2017)
M. Iyanar, T.J. Prakash, C. Muthamizhchelvan, S. Ponnusamy, Synthesis, growth and characterization studies of a semiorganic nonlinear optical single crystal of gamma glycine. J. Phy. Sci. 13, 235–244 (2009)
J. Uma, V. Rajendran, Growth and characterization of γ-glycine single crystals from cadmium chloride for optoelectronic applications. J. Opt. 125, 816–819 (2014)
K. Prem Latha, N.R. Rajagopalan, P. Krishnamoorthy, Contemporary studies on growth and characterization of magnesium doped γ-glycine-A potential optoelectronic NLO material. J. Mol. Struct. 1240, 130593 (2021)
M. Anis, G. Muley, M.D. Shirsat, S.S. Hussaini, Growth, linear, nonlinear, optical, fluorescence thermal and electrical studies of glycine doped bis thiourea cadmium formate crystal for electro optic device applications. Mater Res Innovt 19, 338–344 (2015)
O.M. Mailoud, A.H. Elsayed, A.H. Aboelazm, H.A. Fetouh, Synthesis and study the structure, optical, thermal and dielectric properties of promising glycine copper nitrate (GCN) single crystals. J. Results Phys. 10, 512–520 (2018)
V.P. Gujarati, M.P. Deshpande, K. Patel, S.H. Chaki, Comparitive study of nonlinear semi-organic crystals; glycine sodium nitrate. Int. Lett. Chemi. Phys. Astron. 61, 12–18 (2015)
Y. Litaka, Transfermation of α-glycine to γ-glycine. Acta Crystallogr. 11, 225–226 (1958)
T. Gladys Vimala, E. Bena Jothy, P. Selvarajan, Growth and studies of gamma-glycine crystal doped with zinc sulphate. Int. J. Eng. Appl. Sci. 3(11), 2394–3661 (2016)
N. Ratna, V.S. John, T. Chithambaranathan, P. Selvarajan, Growth NLO Z-scan and impedance studies of glycine potassium sulphate crystals grown by aqueous solution technique. J. Chem. Pharmac. Res. 8, 117–185 (2016)
V. Sivasubramani, A. Raja, P. Karuppasamy, K. Ramachandran, S. Pandian, P. Ramasamy, Crystal growth and characterization of semi-organic 2-amino5-nitropyridinium bromide (2A5NPBr) single crystals for third-order nonlinear optical (NLO) applications. J. Appl. Phys. A 123, 1–15 (2017)
N.P. Zaitseva, L.N. Rashkovich, S.V. Bogatyreva, Stability of KH2PO4 and K(H, D)2PO4 solutions at fast crystal growth rates. J. Cryst. Growth 148, 276–282 (1995)
J. Nyvlt, R. Rychly, J. Gottfried, J. Wurzelova, Meta stable zone width of some aqueous solutions. J. Cryst. Growth 6, 151–162 (1970)
T. Balu, T.R. Rajasekaran, P. Murugakoothan, Nucleation studies of ZTC doped with l-arginine in supersaturated aqueous solutions. Physica B 404, 1813–1818 (2009)
Christoffersen, E. Rostryp, Christoffersen, Relation between interfacial surface tension of electrolyte crystal in aqueous suspension and their solubility; a simple derivation based on surface nucleation. J. Cryst. Growth 113, 599–605 (1991)
M. Prakash, D. Geetha, M. Lydia Caroline, Growth and characterization of nonlinear optics (NLO) active L-Phenyl alanine L-Phenyl alanine malonate. J. Spectrochem. Acta Part A 83, 461–466 (2011)
M. Prakash, D. Geetha, L. Caroline, Crystal growth, structural, optical, spectral and thermal studies of tris(l-phenylalanine) l-phenylalaninium nitrate: a new organic non linear optical material. J. Spectrochem. Acta Part 81, 48–52 (2011)
M.A. Kaid, A. Ashour, Preparation of ZnO doped Al films by spray pyrolysis technique. J. Appl. Surf. Sci. 253, 3029–3033 (2007)
N.R. Rajagopalan, P. Krishnamoorthy, K. Jayamoorthy, M. Austeria, Bis (thiourea) strontium chloride as promising NLO material: an experimental and theoretical study. Karbala Int. J. Modern Sci. 2, 219–225 (2016)
M. Anis, M.S. Pandian, M.I. Baig, P. Ramasamy, G.G. Muley, Monocrystal growth and characterization study of α-polymorph of glycine to explore superior performance of glycine crystal. J Mater. Res. Innovat 22(7), 409–414 (2017)
J. Gottesman, W.F.C. Ferguson, Optical properties of thin films of cadmium sulfide. J. Opt. Soc. America 44(5), 368 (1954)
A. Yoshikawa,H. Matsunami, Y. Nanishi, Applications of wide band gap semiconductors (1), 1–24 (2007)
T. Sivakumar, M.A. Lakshmi, R. Anbarasan, P. Eniya, S. Vignesh, J.K. Sundar, Exploring the influence of cdcl2 on the non linear properties of 4-N,N- dimethylamino-4-N-methyl-stilbazolium tosylate (DAST) crystal for optoelectronic applications (20), 1–13 (2021)
T. Sivakumar, P. Eniya, J.K. Sundar, A. Thirunavukkarasu, M.A. Lakshmi, G. Kanthimani, Investigation on the effects of Mncl2 doping on structural and optical properties of DAST single crystals as materials for second order nonlinear optics 21000161, 1–8 (2021)
N.R. Rajagopalan, P. Krishnamoorthy, K. Jayamoorthy, Physicochemical analysis of tetrakis (thiourea) palladium chloride: a prospective nonlinear optical crystal. J. Inorgan. Organ. Polym. Mater. 27, 739–756 (2017)
M.A. Gaffar, A.A. EL-Gadl, S.B. Anooz, Influence of strontium doping on the indirect band gap and optical constants of ammonium zinc chloride crystals. J. Phys. B Cond. Matter 327(1), 43–54 (2003)
G. Anandha Babu, P. Ramasamy, Growth and characterization of organic NLO material ammonium malate. J. Appl. Phys. 10, 214–220 (2010)
F. Urbach, The long-wavelength edge of photographic sensitivity and of the electronic adsorption of solids. Phys. Rev. 92, 1324 (1953)
N. Nithiya, R. Mahalakshmi, S. Sahadevan, Investigation on physical properties of semi organic nonlinear optical glycine zinc sulphate single crystal. J. Mater. Res. 18(3), 1516–1439 (2015)
G.R. Dilip, G. Bhagavannarayana, P. Raghavaiah, B. Deva Prasad Raju, Effect of magnesium chloride on growth, crystalline perfection, structural, optical, thermal and NLO behavior of γ-glycine. J. Mater. Chem. Phys. 134, 371–376 (2012)
N.A. Bakr, M. Funde, V.S. Waman, Determination of the optical parameters of a -si: H thin films deposited by hot wire-chemical vapour deposition technique using transmission spectrum only. J. Phys. 76(3), 519–531 (2011)
J.H. Joshi, S. Kalainathan, D.K. Kanchan, M.J. Joshi, K.D. Parikh, J. Arabian, Efect of l-threonine on growth and properties of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate crystal. Arab. J. Chem. 13(1), 1533–1550 (2017)
S.H. Wemple, J.R.M. Didomenico, Behaviour of electronic dielectric constant in covalent and ionic materials. Phys. Rev. B 3(4), 1338–1350 (1971)
J.H. Joshi, S. Kalainathan, D.K. Kanchan, M.J. Joshi, K.D. Parikh, Crystal growth A C electrical and nonlinear optical studies of pure and DL-methionine doped ammonium dihydrogen phosphate single crystals. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 30, 2985–2993 (2019)
J.H. Joshi, S. Kalainathan, D.K. Kanchan, M.J. Joshi, K.D. Parikh, Effect of L-threonine on growth and properties of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate crystal. J. Arab. Chem. 13(1), 1532–1550 (2020)
S.A. Martin Brito Dhas, S. Natarajan, Growth and characterization of new organic NLO material: glycine nitrate. J. Opt. Commun. 278, 434–438 (2007)
S. Sagadevan, A study of mechanical behaviour of anilinium d-tartrate single crystal. J. Optoelectron. Adv. Mater. 4, 70–74 (2014)
M.N. Ravishankar, R. Chandramani, A.P. Gnanaprakash, Optical and Mechanical characterization of solution grown semi organic NLO crystal. Rasayan J. Chem. 4, 86–90 (2011)
H. Arul, D. Rajan Babu, R. Ezhil Vizhi, Investigations on Vickers Microhardness and its related constants of single crystal L-Histidiniuk semi succinate. Rasayan J. Chem. 11, 511–515 (2018)
K. Boopathy, R. Ramansamy, Bhagavnnarayana, Growth and characterization of CU(II) doped negatively soluble lithium sulphate monohydrate crystals. J. Cryst. Growth 386, 32–37 (2014)
R. Raja, D. Vedhavali, P. Kurinji Nathan, R. Kanomozhi, Growth and characterization of KDP doped single crystal. Int. J. Mater. Sci. 12, 273–281 (2017)
M. Bekte, O. Uzun, S. Akturk, E. Ekinci, N.U. Car, Vickers microhardness studies of Fe-Mn binary alloys. Chin. J. Phys. 42, 733–739 (2004)
C.B. Ponton, R.D. Rawling, Dependence of the vickers indentation fracture toughness of the surface crack length. J. Ceram. Eng. Sci. Proceed. 88, 83–90 (1989)
T. Pal, T. Kar, Optical, mechanical, thermal studies of non linear optical crystal L-arginine acetate. J. Mater. Chem. Phys. 91(2–3), 343–347 (2005)
R. Ezhil Vizhi, R. Dhivya, D. Rajan Babu, Synthesis, growth, optical and mechanical studies of ferroelectric urea-oxalic acid single crystals. J. Cryst. Growth 452, 213–219 (2016)
K. Nihara, R. Morena, D.P.H. Hasselman, Hasselman, Evaluation of KIC of brittle solids by the indentation method with low crack to indent ratios. J. Mater. Sci. 1, 13–16 (1982)
S. Nanthini, B. Santhoshkumar, P. Krishnamoorthy, N.R. Rajagopalan, Investigation of the effect of cd+2 doping on the mechanical properties of Tetrakis(Thiourea) Barium chloride nonlinear optical crystal. J. Emerg. Technol. Innov. Res. 5, 216–221 (2018)
V. Gupta, K.K. Bamzai, P.N. Kotru, B.M. Wanklyn, Mechanical characteristics of flux-grown calcium titanate and nickel titanate crystals. J. Mater. Chem. Phys. 89, 64–71 (2005)
N.R. Rajagopalan, P. Krishnamoorthy, K. Jayamoorthy, P. Krishnan, Synthesis, characterization, nucleation kinetics, mechanical photo conductivity, birefringence and DFT studies of tris (thiourea) zinc selenate as potential NLO material. J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym Mater. 27(5), 1199–1210 (2017)
S. Karan, S.P. Sengupta, Vickers microhardness studies on solution – grown single crystals of magnesium sulphate hepta-hydrate. J. Mater. Sci. Eng. 398, 198–203 (2005)
S.P. Sengupta, Micro hardness studies in gel-grown ADP and KDP single crystal. Bull. Mater. Sci. 15, 333–338 (1992)
R. Ezhil Vizhi, C. Yogambal, Investigation on the growth and characterization of γ -glycine single crystal in the presence of sodium bromide. J. Cryst. Growth 452, 198–203 (2016)
V. Rao, K. Naseem, Pramna, Electron irradiation effects on 4- amino-5, mercapto-3 ((1-(4-lsobutylphenyl) Ethyl)-1,2,4-triazole single crystal. J. Phys. Indian Acad. Sci. 75(3), 513–522 (2010)
V. Krishnakumar, D.K. Avasthi, F. Singh, P.K. Kulriya, R. Nagalakshmi, Study of the damage produced in K(cs(NH2)2)4 BR-A None linear optical single crystal by swift heavy ion irradiation. J. Nuclear Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. 256, 675–682 (2007)
S. Arockia Ahla, A. Leo Rajesh, Growth characterization of L-Glycine sodium nitrate single crystal for electro-optic applications. J. Sci. Res. Sci. Technol. 3, 43–48 (2017)
S.K. Kurtz, T.T. Perry, A Powder technique for the evaluation of nonlinear optical materials. J. Appl. Phys. 39, 3798–3814 (1968)
B.N. Moolya, A. Jayarama, M.R.S. Kumar, S.M. Dharmaprakash, Hydrogen bonded nonlinear optical γ-glycine: crystal growth and characterization. J. Cryst. Growth 280, 581–586 (2005)
S. Chennakrishnan, S. Ravikumar, D. Sivavishnu, M. Ganapathi, I. Vetha Potheher, M. Vimalan, Synthesis, growth and characterization of tri glycine barium chloride single crystal for application in the domain of optoelectronics and photonics. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 27(10), 10113–10121 (2016)
T. Balakrishnan, K. Ramamurthy, Structural, thermal and optical properties of a semiorganic nonlinear optical single crystal glycine zinc sulphate 68(2), 360–363 (2007)
T. Balakrishnan, K. Ramamurthy, Growth and characterization of glycine lithium sulphate single crystal. J. Spectra Chem. Acta A 41(12), 1184–1188 (2006)
H.E. Gottlieb, V. Kotiyar, A. Nudelman, NMR chemical shifts of common laboratory solvents as trace impurities. J. Organ. Chem. 62, 7512–1515 (1997)
T. Uma Devi, N. Lawrence, R. Ramesh Babu, S. Selvanayagam, H.K. Stoeckli-Evens Ramamurthi, Synthesis, growth and characterization of L-Proline lithium chloride monohydrate: a new semiorganic nonlinear optical material. J. Cryst. Growth Design 9, 1370–1374 (2009)
M. Narayana Bhat, S.M. Dharmaprakash, Growth of optical nonlinear γ-glycine crystal. J. Cryst. Growth 236, 376–380 (2002)
J. Joseph Prakash, N. Vijayan, S. Kumararaman, Growth and characterization studies on glycine barium dichloride single crystal for NLO applications. J. Spectrochem. Acta Part A 71, 1250–1252 (2008)
S. Chennakrishnan, S.M. Ravi Kumar, D. Sivavishnu, M. Ganapathi, I. Vetha Potheher, M. Vimalan, Synthesis, growth and characterization of tri glycine barium chloride single crystal for applications in the domain of optoelectronics and photonics. J. Mater. Sci.:Mater. Electron. 27(10), 10113–10121 (2016)
A.W. Coats, Redfern Kinetic parameters from thermo-gravimetric data. Nature 201, 68–69 (1964)
K.D. Parikh, J.H. Joshi, M.J. Joshi, Influence of organic dopants (L-alanine and L-arginine) structural, spectroscopic and thermal properties of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate crystal. Mater Sci Poland 35(3), 632–638 (2017)
Funding
No funding agencies.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Contributed authors are mentioned in the author list.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The author declares that they have no conflict of interest.
Code availability (software application or custom code)
NA.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Premlatha, K., Krishnamoorthy, P., Rajagopalan, N.R. et al. Synthesis, nucleation kinetics, spectral, structural, mechanical, and thermal studies of semi-organic barium-doped γ-glycine single crystal. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 32, 28494–28514 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-021-07230-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-021-07230-5