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Fine-tuning of stannic oxide anodes’ material properties through calcination

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Abstract

Phase pure stannic oxide (SnO2) is an efficient and reliable anode material for Li ion batteries. Understanding of pure SnO2 phase formation with respect to different calcination temperatures (200 °C, 300 °C, 400 °C, 600 °C, and 800 °C) is attempted in the present work. The samples are prepared by precipitation method and subjected for structural analysis which exhibit varied percentages of crystallinity and crystallite size (17–40 nm) with respect to their calcination temperature varying from 200 to 800 °C. Thermal analysis reveal that presence of tin hydroxide composition is unavoidable and formation of pure SnO2 is possible only after 600 °C, up to which small amount of weight loss is seen in all the samples. Morphological analyses reveal the spherical grain distribution and grains are dispersed well for samples calcined at high temperatures. Cyclic voltammetry analysis expose that SnO2 with high crystallinity/free from impurity traces are better at electrochemical properties. Also, SnO2 calcined at 800 °C exhibit better redox reactions and good cycling ability up to 500 cycles. The charge–discharge analysis shows better specific capacitance for this material, ~ 160 mAhg−1 in aqueous electrochemical system. On the other hand, electrical conductivity of the sample is 1.9 × 10–4 Scm−1 at room temperature as studied by AC impedance spectroscopy.

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Acknowledgements

Dr. D. Lakshmi acknowledges Council for Scientific & Industrial Research, Government of India for the financial assistance through research associateship [09/472(0183)/219-EMR-I]. Ms. P. Priyanka acknowledges Department of Science and Technology (DST)-INSPIRE fellowship [IF180415], Government of India for the financial assistance. Prof. P. Christopher Selvin acknowledges DST-Science and Engineering Research Board for the financial aid under core research grant [CRG/2020/004896].

Funding

Dr. D. Lakshmi acknowledges CSIR, Government of India for the financial assistance through research associateship [09/472(0183)/219-EMR-I]. Ms. P. Priyanka acknowledges DST-INSPIRE fellowship [IF180415], Government of India for the financial assistance. Prof. P. Christopher Selvin acknowledges DST-SERB for the financial aid under core research grant [CRG/2020/004896].

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Luminescence and Solid State Ionics Lab, Department of Physics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India

    D. Lakshmi, M. Infanta Diana & P. Christopher Selvin

  2. Department of Physics, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore, India

    B. Nalini, G. G. Soundarya & P. Priyanka

  3. School of Physics, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, India

    S. Jayapandi

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  1. D. Lakshmi
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Contributions

DL: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, writing original draft. MID: Investigation. BN: Supervision. GGS: Investigation. PP: Investigation. SJ: Resources. PCS: Supervision, Project administration.

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Correspondence to P. Christopher Selvin.

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Lakshmi, D., Infanta Diana, M., Nalini, B. et al. Fine-tuning of stannic oxide anodes’ material properties through calcination. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 32, 27384–27397 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-021-07114-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-021-07114-8

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