Abstract
A new organic single crystal with a proton-transfer complex of creatininium phthalate (CP) is prepared and grown successfully at room temperature by slow evaporation solution technique. The solubility of the synthesized CP crystal was experimentally determined using water solvent at various temperatures (30–55 °C). The CP crystal is found to be a triclinic system with centrosymmetric nature and P-1 space group using single crystal X-ray diffraction (SXRD). The observed lattice parameters are a = 7.728 Å, b = 9.947 Å, c = 10.007 Å and volume = 639 Å. Crystalline nature of CP crystal is confirmed using Powder XRD. EDAX analysis of CP crystal confirms the presence of C, O, and N. FT-IR and RAMAN analysis was employed to find the elemental groups exist in the CP crystal. The transmittance and optical absorption of the CP crystal was recorded using UV–Vis analysis and calculated the absorption coefficient and bandgap of the CP crystal. The thermal stability and melting point of the CP crystal was examined by TG–DTA technique. The dielectric property of low dielectric constant with high frequency proposes that CP crystal contains good optical quality with less defects. Mechanical strength of the CP crystal was found out using Vickers microhardness test. Chemical etching analysis was determined to reveal that the lattice defects, crystal symmetry and perfection of the CP crystal using an optical microscope. The nonlinear refractive index (n2 = 20.02 × 10–8 cm2/W), nonlinear absorption coefficient (β = 0.54 × 10−3 cm/W) and third-order optical nonlinear susceptibility (χ3 = 1.12 × 10–6 esu) of CP crystal was estimated by Z-scan analysis.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
P. Karuppasamy, V. Sivasubramani, M.S. Pandian, P. Ramasamy, RSC Adv. 6(110), 109105–109123 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ra21590d
D. Sajan, N. Vijayan, K. Safakath, R. Philip, I.H. Joe, J. Phys. Chem. A 115(29), 8216–8226 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1021/jp201818y
A. Alexandar, P. Rameshkumar, Optik 168, 944–955 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2018.04.100
T. Pal, T. Kar, G. Bocelli, L. Rigi, Cryst. Growth Des. 3(1), 13–16 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1021/cg025583y
P. Asokan, S. Kalainathan, J. Phys. Chem. C 121(40), 22384–22395 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b07805
J. Jeyaram, K. Varadharajan, B. Singaram, R. Rajendhran, Adv. Mater. Dev. 2(4), 445–454 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsamd.2017.09.004
N. Sudha, B. Abinaya, R. Arun Kumar, R. Mathammal, J. Lasers Opt. Photonics 05(02), 1–6 (2018). https://doi.org/10.4172/2469-410x.1000184
R. Sankar, C.M. Raghavan, M. Balaji, R.M. Kumar, R. Jayavel, Cryst. Growth Des. 7(2), 348–353 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1021/cg060566k
T. Chen, Z. Sun, C. Song, Y. Ge, J. Luo, W. Lin, M. Hong, Cryst. Growth Des. 12(5), 2673–2678 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/cg300262t
P.V. Dhanaraj, N.P. Rajesh, Applications of Calorimetry in a Wide Context—Differential Scanning Calorimetry, Isothermal Titration Calorimetry and Microcalorimetry (2013). https://doi.org/10.5772/53795
N. Karuppanan, S. Kalainathan, J. Phys. Chem. C 122(8), 4572–4582 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b11884
R. Thirumurugan, K. Anitha, Mater. Lett. 206, 30–33 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2017.06.103
K. Senthil, S. Kalainathan, A.R. Kumar, P.G. Aravindan, RSC Adv. 4(99), 56112–56127 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1039/c4ra09112d
R. Thirumurugan, B. Babu, K. Anitha, J. Chandrasekaran, Zeitschrift Für Physikalische Chemie 231(11–12), 1849–1874 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1515/zpch-2016-0896
S. Sindhusha, C.M. Padma, B. Gunasekaran, J. Mol. Struct. 1221, 128863 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/J.Molstruc.2020.128863
R. Thirumurugan, B. Babu, K. Anitha, J. Chandrasekaran, Mater. Lett. 185, 214–217 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2016.08.127
P. Justin, K. Anitha, M.B. Ahamed, G.V. Vijayaraghavan, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-019-01308-x
G.M. Sheldrick, SADABS University of Gottingen Germany (2018)
G.M. Sheldrick, SHELXS97 & SHELXL97 University of Gottingen Germany (2018)
J. Bernstein, R.E. Davis, L. Shimoni, N.L. Chang, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 34(15), 1555–1573 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.199515551
R. Thirumurugan, K. Anitha, (2015). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4918050
R. Thirumurugan, K. Anitha, J. Mol. Struct. 1146, 273–284 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.05.143
P. Krishnan, K. Gayathri, P.R. Rajakumar, V. Jayaramakrishnan, S. Gunasekaran, G. Anbalagan, Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 131, 114–124 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2014.03.040
R. Thirumurugan, B. Babu, K. Anitha, J. Chandrasekaran, J. Mol. Struct. 1149, 48–57 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.07.095
E. Tarcan, Ö. Altındağ, D. Avcı, Y. Atalay, Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 71(1), 169–174 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2007.12.008
V. Chithambaram, S. Jerome Das, R. Arivudai Nambi, K. Srinivasan, S. Krishnan, Physica B Condens. Matter 405(12), 2605–2609 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2010.03.00
J.E.M. Theras, D. Kalaivani, D. Jayaraman, V. Joseph, J. Cryst. Growth 427, 29–35 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2015.06.009
A. Jahubar Ali, S. Thangarasu, S. Athimoolam, S. Asath Bahadur, RJPBCS 4(1), 1292 (2013)
R. Bhuvaneswari, M. Divya Bharathi, G. Anbalagan, K. Sakthi Murugesan, Investigation on the growth, spectral, thermal, laser and optical properties of glycinium 2-carboxy 6-nitrophthalate single crystal. Opt. Mater. 84, 728–737 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2018.08.018
A. Hemalatha, S. Arulmani, K. Deepa, D.S. Kumar, J. Madavan, S. Senthil, Mater. Today Proc. 8, 142–147 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.02.092
S.S. Dhavud, J.T.J. Prakash, Int. J. Adv. Res. 4(8), 685–695 (2016). https://doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/1264
S. Sindhusha, C.M. Padma, B. Gunasekaran, H. Marshan Robert, J. Mol. Struct. 1209, 127981 (2020)
A. Jahubar Ali, S. Thangarasu, S. Athimoolam, B. Sridhar, S. Asath Bahadur, Arch. Phys. Res. 3(5), 354–362 (2012)
N. Natarajan, R. Mahalakshmi, S. Sagadevan, Mater. Res. 18(3), 581–587 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-1439.007015
V. Siva, S.A. Bahadur, A. Shameem, S. Athimoolam, K.U. Lakshmi, G. Vinitha, J. Mol. Struct. (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.04
S. Dinakaran, S. Verma, C.J. Raj, J.M. Linet, S. Krishnan, S.J. Das, Cryst. Growth Des. 9(1), 151–155 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1021/cg8000834
G.L. Praveena, T. Balu, R. Sreedevi, IOSR J. Appl. Phys. (IOSR-JAP) 2278–4861, 8, 61–68 (2016). https://doi.org/10.9790/4861-08116168
K. Pichan, S.P. Muthu, R. Perumalsamy, J. Cryst. Growth 473, 39–54 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2017.05.018
P. Karuppasamy, T. Kamalesh, K. Anitha, S. Abdul Kalam, M. Senthil Pandian, P. Ramasamy, S. Venugopal Rao, Opt. Mater. 84, 475–489 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2018.07.039
B. Sivakumar, S. Gokul Raj, G. Ramesh Kumar, R. Mohan, J. Cryst. Process Technol. 2, 130–136 (2012). https://doi.org/10.4236/jcpt.2012.24018
P. Vivek, P. Murugakoothan, Appl. Phys. A 115(4), 1139–1146 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-014-8435-y
N. Indumathi, P. Sanjay, K. Deepa, J. Madhavan, S. Senthil, Mater. Sci. Eng. 360, 012032 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/360/1/012032
Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to SRMIST for providing the financial facility to carry out the research work. We acknowledge the Nanotechnology Research Centre (NRC), SRMIST for providing the research facilities such as XRD, UV–Vis, FTIR and EDS. And also SCIF, SRMIST, Kattankulathur, for providing excellent research facilities such as SEM and Raman analysis.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Surya, S., Gunasekaran, B. & Girisun, T.C.S. Synthesis, growth, crystal structure, thermal, optical, electrical and third-order nonlinear optical properties of creatininium phthalate as a new nonlinear optical single crystal. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 33, 8683–8701 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-021-06771-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-021-06771-z