Abstract
Cobalt-doped ZnO nanoparticles (NPs), with concentration of Co2+ varying between 1 and 5%, have been synthesized by a sol–gel procedure. The structural, morphological and optical properties of these nanoparticles were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) measurements. The X-ray diffraction shows that these semiconductors crystallize in a wurtzite single crystalline phase with P63mc space group. In this structure, the cobalt ion Co2+ substitutes for a Zinc ion Zn2+ in a ZnO semiconductor and occupies a tetrahedral Td site symmetry surrounded by four oxygen atoms with a slight distortion. The TEM images characterize the morphology and crystalline structure of these semiconductors. From the UV spectra, a direct bandgap semiconductor was assumed for ZnO:Co2+ NPs. The bandgap energy of the ZnO lattice gradually decreases following the addition of Co2+ ions. The red absorption spectra are ascribed to the electronic transitions of Co2+ ion in ZnO. To determine the electronic structure of the transition ion Co2+, the crystal field theory is applied for the visible spectrum associated with the d–d transitions of this ion located at a Td site symmetry in ZnO NPs. The experimental and theoretical results of energy levels are in agreement. The results were compared to that published for the Co2+ ion in NP ZnO.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
J. Liu, M.D. Rojas-Andrade, G. Chata, Y. Peng, G. Roseman, J.-E. Lu, G.L. Millhauser, C. Saltikov, S. Chen, Nanoscale 10, 158–166 (2018)
D. Panda, T.-Y. Tseng, J. Mater. Sci. 48, 6849–6877 (2013)
A. Chanda, S. Gupta, M. Vasundhara, S.R. Joshi, G.R. Mutta, J. Singh, RSC Adv. 7, 50527 (2017)
P. Swapna, S. Venkatramana Reddy, IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 310, 111–119 (2018)
A. Pescaglini et al., J. Mater. Chem. C 4, 1651–1657 (2016)
J. El Ghoul, C. Barthou, L. El Mir, Physica E 44, 1910 (2012)
J. El Ghoul, Bull. Mater. Sci. 39, 7–12 (2016)
P. Lommens et al., Nanocrystals 118, 245–250 (2006)
F. Ochanda, K. Cho, D. Andala, T.C. Keane, A. Atkinson, W.E. Jones, Langmuir 25, 7547–7552 (2009)
A. Vanaja, K. Srinivisa Rao, Adv. Nanopart. 5, 83–89 (2016)
J. El Ghoul, M. Kraini, L. El Mir, J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron. 26, 2555–2562 (2015)
J. El Ghoul, C. Barthou, L. El Mir, J. Superlattices Microstruct. 51, 942 (2012)
J. El Ghoul, J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron. 27, 2159–2165 (2016)
S. Nie, D. Dastan, J. Li, W.D. Zhou, S.S. Wu, Y.W. Zhou, X.T. Yin, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 150, 109864 (2021)
D. Dastan, A. Banpurkar, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 28, 3851–3859 (2016)
A. Neffati, H. Souissi, S. KammounJ, Appl. Phys. 112, 083112 (2012)
F. Mselmi, A. Neffati, S. Kammoun, J. Lumin. 198, 124–131 (2018)
F. Mselmi, O. Taktak, H. Souissi, S. Kammoun, J. Lumin. 206, 319–325 (2019)
D.J. Newman, B. Ng, Crystal Field Handbook (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000), p. 28
J.S. Griffith, The Theory of Transition-Metal Ions (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1961), p. 222
S. Sugano, Y. Tanabe, H. Kamimura, Multiplets of Transition Metal Ions in Crystals (Academic Press, London, 1970).
O. Taktak, H. Souissi, O. Maalej, B. Boulard, S. Kammoun, J. Lumin. 180, 183–189 (2016)
Y.Y. Yeung, C. Rudowicz, Comput. Chem. 16, 207 (1992)
J. El Ghoul, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 27, 2159 (2016)
S. Singhal, J. Kaur, T. Namgyal, R. Sharma, Phys. B 407, 1223–1226 (2012)
V. Gandhi, R. Ganesan, H.H.A. Syedahamed, M. Thaiyan, J. Phys. Chem. C 118, 9715–9725 (2014)
C.S. Barret, T.B. Massalski, Structure of Metals: Crystallographic Methods, Principles and Data (Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1980).
F.C.M. Vandepol, Am. Cer. Soc. 69(12), 1959–1965 (1990)
G.L. Tan, D. Tang, D. Dastan, A. Jafari, J.P.B. Silva, X.T. Yin, Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process 122, 105506 (2021)
D. Dastan, S.L. Panahi, N.B. Chaure, J. Mater. Sci: Mater. Electron. 27, 12291–12296 (2016)
A. Hassanien, A.A. Akl, A. Saaedicryst, CrystEngChem 20, 1716–1730 (2018)
M.M. Obeid, H.R. Jappor, K. Al-Marzoki, I.A. Al-Hydary, S.J. Edrees, M.M. Shukur, RSC Adv. 9, 33207 (2019)
R. Mguedla, A.B. Kharrat, M. Saadi, K. Khirouni, N. Chniba-Boudjada, W. Boujelben, J. Alloys Compd. 812, 152130 (2020)
L. Li, L. Han, Y. Han, Z. Yang, B. Su, Z. Lei, Nanomaterials 8, 687 (2018)
R. Bairy, P. Shankaragouda Patil, S.R. Maidur, H. Vijeth, M.S. Murari, U. Bhat, RSC Adv. 9, 22302 (2019)
A.A. Mosquera, D. Horwat, A. Rashkovskiy, A. Kovalev, P. Miska, D. Wainstein, J.M. Albella, J.L. Endrino, Sci. Rep. 3, 1714 (2013)
O. Taktak, H. Souissi, S. Kammoun, J. Lumin. 161, 368–373 (2015)
Funding
This study was not funded.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest no member of committee.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kammoun, S., ghoul, J.E. Structural and optical investigation of Co-doped ZnO nanoparticles for nanooptoelectronic devices. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 32, 7215–7225 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-021-05430-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-021-05430-7