Abstract
The structural, electronic band structure and optical properties of SnO2 and SnO2:F are investigated as a function of fluorine (F) concentration by first-principles calculation using PBE0 hybrid exchange–correlation functional. Various supercells were constructed and optimized corresponding to different F content. An increase in the lattice parameters is obtained with increasing F level. Two different Sn–F bond lengths behavior are observed, where one of them is more sensible to F concentration. Löwdin charge analysis, related to charge transfer of Sn(0), Sn (1), O(5) and F(5), is presented and discussed, including the contribution of empty orbits 5d and 4f from Sn atoms. SnO2:F materials display characteristics of the n-type semiconductor, occupied states contributed mostly from hybridized Sn 5s, Sn 5p, O 2s and O 2p states in the conduction band increase with an increase in F concentration. Density of states (DOS) diagram of SnO2:F shows a band gap-like behavior inside the conduction band. The F dependence of the direct band gap, optical band gap, band gap-like and Burstein–Moss shift are calculated and discussed. A high concentration of fluorine (around 16 at.%) shows a transformation from direct to an indirect band gap. The imaginary dielectric function presents intra-band transition around Fermi level corresponding to Drude´s electrons. Also, inter-band transitions from valence band to conduction band and from occupied conduction band to unoccupied conduction band are evident from the optical spectra.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
R. Babar, S.S. Shinde, A.V. Moholkar, C.H. Bhosale, J.H. Kim, K.Y. Rajpure, Physical properties of sprayed antimony doped tin oxide thin films thickness: the role of thickness. J. Semicond. 32(5), 053001–053001 (2011)
E. Ching-Prado, A. Watson, H. Miranda, I. Abrego, Optical properties of multilayers TiO2/SnO2:F thin films. MRS Adv. 1(46), 3133 (2016)
Y. Zhang, J.X. Tian, W. Zhang, Cai, The studies on the role of fluorine in SnO2:F films prepared by spray pyrolysis with SnCl4. J. Optoelectron. Adv. Mater. 13(1), 89 (2011)
Z.Y. Banyamin, P.J. Kelly, G. West, J. Boardman, Electrical and optical properties of fluorine doped tin oxide thin films prepared by Magnetron Sputtering. Coatings 4, 732 (2014)
J.M. Rodríguez, A. Watson, I. Abrego, J. Ardisson, C.A. Samudio, E. Ching-Prado, A water vapor sensor application of Sn1−xFexO2−δ fibres. Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. (2015). https://doi.org/10.1557/opl.2015.788
A.A. Yadava, E.U. Masumdar, A.V. Moholkar, M. Neumann-Spallart, K.Y. Rajpure, C. H. Bhosale, Electrical, structural and optical properties of SnO2:F thin films: effect of the substrate temperature. J. Alloy. Compd. 488, 350 (2009)
A. Agashe, S. Mahamuni, Competitive effects of film thickness and growth rate in spray pyrolytically deposited fluorine-doped tin dioxide films. Thin Solid Films 518, 4868 (2010)
M. Ganose, D.O. Scanlon, Band gap and work function tailoring of SnO2 for improved transparent conducting ability in photovoltaics. J. Mater. Chem. C 4, 1467 (2016)
W. Kohn, L.J. Sham, Self-consistent equations including exchange and correlation effects. Phys. Rev. 140, A1133 (1965)
J.P. Perdew, A. Ruzsinszky, J. Tao, V.N. Staroverov, G.E. Scuseria, G.I. Csonka, Prescription for the design and selection of density functional approximations: more constraint satisfaction with fewer fits. J. Chem. Phys. 123, 062201 (2005)
C. Franchini, Hybrid functionals applied to perovskites. J. Phys. 26, 253202 (2014)
P. Barbarat, S.F. Matar, First-principles investigations of the electronic, optical and chemical bonding properties of SnO2. Comput. Mater. Sci. 10, 368 (1998)
J. Xu, S. Huang, Z. Wang, First principle study on the electronic structure of fluorine-doped SnO2. Solid State Comm. 149, 527 (2009)
D. Xing, P. Wang, C. Zhang, The electronic structures and optical properties in nitrogen-doped SnO2, in Proceedings of 4th Annual International Conference on Material Science and Engineering, vol. 0554 (2016)
P. Lu, Y. Shen, Z. Yu, L. Zhao, Q. Li, S. Ma, L. Han, Y. Liu, Electronic structure and optical properties of antimony-doped SnO2 from first-principle study. Commun. Theor. Phys. 57, 145 (2012)
Y. Li, Y. Zhang, S. Cui, Y. Ding, J. Tang, R. Zhang, Electronic structure and optical properties of oxygen vacancy and Ag-doped SnO2 sensors. Chem. Eng. Trans. 51, 1285 (2016)
J. Robertson, Electronic structure of SnO2, GeO2, PbO2, TeO2 and MgF2. J. Phys. C, 12, 4767 (1979)
P. Giannozzi, S. Baroni, N. Bonini, M. Calandra, R. Car, C. Cavazzoni, D. Ceresoli, G.L. Chiarotti, M. Cococcioni, I. Dabo, A. Dal Corso, S. Fabris, G. Fratesi, S. de Gironcoli, R. Gebauer, U. Gerstmann, C. Gougoussis, A. Kokalj, M. Lazzeri, L. Martin-Samos, N. Marzari, F. Mauri, R. Mazzarello, S. Paolini, A. Pasquarello, L. Paulatto, C. Sbraccia, S. Scandolo, G. Sclauzero, A.P. Seitsonen, A. Smogunov, P. Umari, R.M. Wentzcovitch, QUANTUM ESPRESSO: a modular and open-source software project for quantum simulations of materials. J.Phys. 21, 395502 (2009)
J.P. Perdew, M. Ernzerhof, K. Burke, Rationale for mixing exact exchange with density functional approximations. J. Chem. Phys. 105(22), 9982 (1996)
Q. Fan, J. Yang, Y. Yu, J. Zhang, J. Cao, Electronic structure and optical properties of Al-doped ZnO. Chem. Eng. Trans. 46, 985 (2015)
Y. Jinliang, Q. Chong, Electronic structure and optical properties of F-doped β-Ga2O3 from first principles. J. Semicond. 37(4), 042001–042002 (2016)
W.H. Baur, Über die Verfeinerung der Kristallstrukturbestimmung einiger Vertreter des Rutiltyps: TiO2, SnO2, GeO2 und MgF2. Acta Crystallogr. A 9(6), 515 (1956)
Z.Y. Banyamin, P.J. Kell, G. West, J. Boardman, Electrical and optical properties of fluorine doped tin oxide thin films prepared by magnetron sputtering. Coatings 4, 732 (2014)
D. Tatar, B. Düzgün, The relationship between the doping levels and some physical properties of SnO2:F thin films spray-deposited on optical glass. Pramana 79(1), 137 (2012)
W.Z. Samad, M.M. Salleh, A. Shafiee, M.A. Yarmo, Structural, optical and electrical properties of fluorine doped tin oxide thin films deposited using inkjet printing technique. Sains Malays. 40(3), 251 (2011)
R.D. Shannon, Revised effective ionic radii and systematic studies of interatomic distances in halides and chalcogenides, Acta Cryst. A32, 751–767 (1976) (Database of ionic radii, http://abulafia.mt.ic.ac.uk/shannon/)
Z. Sun, T. Liao, Y. Dou, S.M. Hwang, M. Park, L. Jiang, J.H. Kim, S. Dou, Generalized self-assembly of scalable two-dimensional transition metal oxide nanosheets. Nat. Commun. 5, 3813 (2014)
S. Wu, S. Yuan, L. Shi, Y. Zhao, J. Fang, Preparation, characterization and electrical properties of fluorine-doped tin dioxide nanocrystals. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 346, 12 (2010)
R. Leite, J.A. Cerri, E. Longo, J.A. Varela, Sintering of undoped SnO2, Ceramica 49, 87 (2003)
J.M. Themlin, R. Sporken, J. Darville, R. Caudano, J.M. Gilles, R.L. Johnson, Resonant-photoemission study of SnO2: cationic origin of the defect band-gap states. Phys. Rev. B 42, 11914 (1990)
M. Weidner, Fermi level determination in tin oxide by photoelectron spectroscopy, Thesis, Technischen Universität Darmstadt, 2016
A. Marini, C. Hogan, M. Grüning, D. Varsano, Yambo: an ab initio tool for excited state calculations. Comput. Phys. Comm. 180, 1392 (2009)
V.M. Yubero, A.R. Jimenez, Gonzalez-Elipe, Optical properties and electronic transitions of SnO2 thin films by reflection electron energy loss spectroscopy. Surf. Sci. 400, 116 (1998)
P.D. Borges, L.M.R. Scolfaro, H.W.L. Alves, E.F. da Silva, DFT study of the electronic, vibrational, and optical properties of SnO2. Theor. Chem. Acc. 126, 39 (2010)
Acknowledgements
This work was partially supported by Col-11-014 SENACyT Grants from Panama.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ching-Prado, E., Samudio, C.A., Santiago-Aviles, J. et al. Electronic structure and optical properties of SnO2:F from PBE0 hybrid functional calculations. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 29, 15423–15435 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-018-9067-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-018-9067-3