Abstract
CdS thin films with different Cd/S molar ratios have been prepared on glass substrates at 200 °C using simple and cost effective chemical technique having Cadmium Acetate Dihydrate (C4H8CdO4·2H2O) and Thiourea (CH4N2S) salts as sources for Cd and S respectively. Irrespective of Cd/S molar ratio, the crystalline nature with Cubic crystal system of cadmium sulphide thin films with preferential orientation (111) were determined by X-ray diffraction analysis with crystallite size between 1.5 and 2 nm. Crystallite size increases as the Cd/S molar ratio decreases up to 0.8 and then decreases for lower Cd/S molar ratio. Microstructural parameters such as strain, dislocation density and crystallite size were calculated. The broadened diffraction peaks indicated nano sized particles of the film material. Film coated with Cd/S molar ratio equal to 0.8 has lowest values of lattice strain and dislocation density confirming the improved crystallinity of the thin films. The surface morphology of the films was studied by scanning electron microscope analysis. The surface topography of the film was studied by atomic force microscope indicated that the film is evenly coated and has uniform grain sizes. Element stoichiometry was derived from EDS. The optical characteristic of Transmittance, Absorbance and Band gap Energy was studied by UV–Visible Spectrometer. The optical measurement shows the presence of direct transition with energy band gap between 2.4 and 2.7 eV.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
S. Butt, N.A. Shah, A. Nazir, Z. Ali, A. Maqsood, Influence of film thickness and In-doping on physical properties of CdS thin films. J. Alloys Compd. 587, 582–587 (2014)
B. Ghosh, K. Kumar, B.Kr. Singh, P. Banerjee, S. Das, Growth of CdS thin films on indium coated glass substrates via chemical bath deposition and subsequent air annealing. Appl. Surf. Sci. 320, 309–314 (2014)
Z.C. Feng, C.C. Wei, A.T.S. Wee, A. Rohatgi, W. Lu, Effects of CdCl2 treatment and annealing on CdS/SnO2/glass heterojunction solar cells. Thin Solid Films 518, 7199–7203 (2010)
H. Tao, Z. Jin, W. Wang, J. Yang, & Z. Hong Preparation and characteristics of CdS thin films by dip-coating method using its nanocrystal ink. Mater. Lett. 65, 1340–1343 (2011)
K.S. Ramaiah, A.K. Bhatnagar, R.D. Pilkington, A.E. Hill, R.D. Tomlinson, The effect of sulfur concentration on the properties of chemical bath deposited CdS thin films. J. Mater. Sci. 11, 269–277 (2000)
F. Ouachtari, A. Rmili, S.E.B. Elidrissi, A. Bouaoud, H. Erguig, P. Elies, Influence of bath temperature, depostion time and S/Cd ratio on the structure, surface morphology, chemical composition and optical properties of CdS thin films elaborated by chemical bath deposition. J. Mod. Phys. 2, 1073–1082 (2011)
L. Wenyi, C. Xun, C. Qiulong, Z. Zhibin, Influence of growth process on the structural, optical and electrical properties of CBD-CdS films. Mater. Lett. 59, 1–5 (2005)
A. Ashour, N. El-Kadry, S.A. Mahmoud, On the electrical and optical properties of CdS films thermally deposited by a modified source. Thin Solid Films 269, 117–120 (1995)
S.G. Pandya, Influence of growth process on the properties of chemically prepared cadmium sulphide thin films. Int. J. Recent Sci. Res. 7, 14765–14768 (2016)
S.G. Pandya, Preparation and characterization of cadmium sulphide nanocrystalline thin film grown by chemical method. Int. J. Recent Sci. Res. 7, 14887–14890 (2016)
H. Anwar, A. Ali, S. Jassem, Preparation and study of CdS thin films at different concentration thiourea by chemical bath depositon (CBD) method. World Sci. News 23, 73–89 (2015)
A. Kamble, B. Sinha, G. Agawane, S. Vanalakar, I. Young Kim, J.Y. Kim, S.S. Kale, P. Patil, J.H. Kim, Sulfur ion concentration dependent morphological evolution of CdS thin films and its subsequent effect on photo-electrochemical performance. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 18, 28024–28032 (2016)
I.O. Oladeji, L. Chow, J.R. Liu, W.K. Chu, A.N.P. Bustamante, C. Fredricksen, A.F. Schulte, Comparative study of CdS thin films deposited by single, continuous, and multiple dip chemical processes. Thin Solid Films 359, 154–159 (2000)
X.H. Zhao, A.X. Wei, Y. Zhao, J. Liu, Structural and optical properties of CdS thin films prepared by chemical bath deposition at different ammonia concentration and S/Cd molar ratios. J. Mater. Sci. 24, 457–462 (2013)
M. Anbarasi, V.S. Nagarethinam, A.R. Balu, Studies on the physical properties of CdS thin films with different S/Cd molar ratios fabricated by spray pyrolysis technique using perfume atomizer. J. Appl. Sci. Eng. Res. 4, 135–146 (2015)
F. Ouachtari, A. Rmili, A. Bouaoud, A. Louardi, B. Elidrissi, H. Erguig, P. Elies, Influence of S/Cd ratio on the structural, morphological and optical properties of CdS thin films prepared by chemical bath deposition. Mater. Sci. Indian J. 7, 399–404 (2011)
J.P. Enriquez, X. Mathew, Influence of the thickness on structural, optical and electrical properties of chemical bath deposited CdS thin films. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 76, 313–322 (2003)
Y.V. Marathe, V.S. Shrivastava, Synthesis and application of CdS nanocrystalline thin films. Adv. Appl. Sci. Res. 2, 295–301 (2011)
R. Sahraei, S. Shahriyar, M.H.M. Are, A. Daneshfar, N. Shokri, Preparation of nanocrystalline CdS thin films by a new chemical bath depositon route for application in solar cells as antireflection coatings. Prog. Color Colorants Coat. 3, 82–90 (2010)
C. Gopinatan, T. Sarveswaran, K. Mahalakshmi, Studies on CdS nanocrystalline thin films with different S/Cd ratios prepared using chemical bath deposition method. Adv. Stud. Theor. Phys. 5, 171–183 (2011)
X.Y. Peng, H.-W. Gu, T. Zhang, F. Qu, F.-Z. Ding, H.-Y. Wang, Morphological evolution of CdS films prepared b chemical bath deposition. Rare Met. 32, 380–389 (2013)
S.A. Al Kuhaimi, Influence of preparation technique on the structural, optical and electrical properties of polycrystalline CdS films. Pergamon 51, 349–355 (1998)
Q.Q. Liu, J.H. Shi, Z.Q. Li, D.W. Zhang, X.D. Li, Z. Sun, L.Y. Zhang, S.M. Huang, Morphological and stoichiometric study of chemical bath deposited CdS films by varying ammonia concentration. Physica B 405 4360–4365 (2010)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Pandya, S., Raval, K. Investigation of structural, morphological and optical properties of cadmium sulphide (CdS) thin films at different Cd/S concentration deposited by chemical technique. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 28, 18031–18039 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-017-7746-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-017-7746-0