Abstract
To enhance the power and energy densities of advanced lead–acid batteries (Ad-LAB), a novel core–shell structure of lead-activated carbon (Pb@AC) was prepared and used as a negative electrode active material. The AC could be formed as a shell around a core of Pb nanoparticles. The active core–shell structures were synthesized using a simple chemical process to overcome the limitations in the negative Pb electrode, specifically the large crystallization of lead sulfate (PbSO4) that leads to a short cycle life. The key role of the carbon material in the negative electrode is to enhance the electrochemical performances and decrease the formation of PbSO4. The X-ray diffraction study reveals that the formation of lead oxide was prevented by the AC during the synthetic process. The novel core–shell structure of Pb@AC was confirmed through transmission electron microscopy. In order to obtain high-performance Ad-LAB, a high surface area of the AC is necessary to provide a super capacitive effect in the negative electrode. The unit cell performance of the as-prepared active materials exhibits significant increased discharge capacity at 1C rate. The unit cell with the Pb@AC negative electrode has a capacity per unit volume of 0.0165 Ah/cc. Hence, the low cost of AC and the simple synthetic core–shell structure of Pb@AC make this material a promising negative electrode active material for Ad-LAB applications.
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Acknowledgements
This research work was supported by basic science research program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (2015061146), Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) (R15XA03-30) and Gwangju Green Environment Center (14-4-70-79).
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Dhanabalan, K., Sadhasivam, T., Kim, S.C. et al. Novel core–shell structure of a lead-activated carbon (Pb@AC) for advanced lead–acid battery systems. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 28, 10349–10356 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-017-6804-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-017-6804-y