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Enhanced photocatalytic activity and ferromagnetic ordering in hydrogenated Zn1−xCoxO

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Abstract

Impacts of hydrogen annealing on crystallographic characterization, electronic structure, and optical, photocatalytic, and magnetic properties of polycrystalline Zn1−xCoxO (x = 0.01–0.06) samples have been considered. Structural analyses based on powder X-ray diffraction, Rietveld refinement, and Raman spectroscopy prove all materials having the P63mc wurtzite-type structure. The Co-doping and hydrogenation changed the concentration of Zn– and O–related defects whose energy levels occupy the band gap. This also enhanced photocatalytic performance of hydrogenated samples with x > 0.02. X-ray and UV–Vis absorption analyses indicate the substitution of Co2+ for Zn2+ in the wurtzite-type ZnO lattice, leading to irregularly changed the unit-cell parameters. While all the as-prepared samples are paramagnetic, the hydrogenated ones exhibit weak ferromagnetism. Ferromagnetic (FM) ordering increases when x increases, particularly for x ≥ 0.02. According to the results achieved from studying crystalline and electronic structures, we believe that oxygen-vacancies-mediated interactions between Co2+ ions and H–Co–H exchange dimers enhanced FM ordering in hydrogenated Zn1−xCoxO. Computational investigations have also indicated that the magnetization value of H–Zn1−xCoxO is influenced by the positioning of the H dopant, meaning that the couplings between Co and H play an essential role in establishing FM order in H–Zn1−xCoxO.

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Acknowledgements

This work has been supported/partly supported by the VNU University of Engineering and Technology under project number CN23.09.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physical Chemistry, Plovdiv University “Paisii Hilendarski”, 24, Tzar Asen Str., 4000, Plovdiv, Bulgaria

    Dimitar N. Petrov

  2. Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Vietnam

    N. T. Dang

  3. Faculty of Environmental and Natural Sciences, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Vietnam

    N. T. Dang

  4. Faculty of Engineering Physics and Nanotechnology, VNU University of Engineering and Technology, 144 Xuan Thuy, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam

    N. D. Co, B. D. Tu, N. D. Lam & T. L. Phan

  5. Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications, VNU University of Engineering and Technology, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam

    T. V. Quang

  6. Neutron Science Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon, 34057, South Korea

    V. Q. Nguyen & J. H. Lee

  7. Advanced Process Development Team, ISAC Research Inc, Yuseong, Daejeon, 34036, South Korea

    V. Q. Nguyen

  8. Division of Smart Healthcare, College of Information Technology and Convergence, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea

    B. T. Huy

  9. Physics Division, School of Science Education, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, South Korea

    D. S. Yang

  10. University of Science and Education, The University of Danang, Da Nang, 550000, Vietnam

    D. T. Khan

Authors
  1. Dimitar N. Petrov
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  2. N. T. Dang
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  3. N. D. Co
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  12. T. L. Phan
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Contributions

T.L.P. conceived and provided supervision for the entire project. D.N.P. carried magnetic measurements, conception, analysis, and review. N.D.C., B.D.T., and N.D.L. carried out sample synthesis, data acquisition, and analysis. N.T.D. and D.T.K. conducted the XRD experiments, Rietveld analysis, review, and editing. T.V.Q, V.Q.N., and J.H.L. carried out theoretical calculations, review, and editing. B.T.H. performed optical investigations, analysis, and review. D.S.Y. caried out the EXAFS measurements, review, and editing. All authors were consulted for discussions on the data and contributed to manuscript preparation.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to T. L. Phan.

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Petrov, D.N., Dang, N.T., Co, N.D. et al. Enhanced photocatalytic activity and ferromagnetic ordering in hydrogenated Zn1−xCoxO. J Mater Sci 59, 9217–9236 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-024-09724-z

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