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3D characterization of microstructural evolution and variant selection in additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4 V

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Abstract

Ti-6Al-4 V is a popular alloy in additive manufacturing (AM) due to its applications in the biomedical implants and aerospace industries where the complex part geometries allowed by AM provide cost and performance benefits. Ti-6Al-4 V goes through a β → α’ transformation after solidification which is known to experience variant selection, e.g., through the formation of clusters of variants which, when situated together, partially accommodate the strain of the phase transformation. During electron beam powder bed fusion AM, an in situ decomposition of α’ martensite occurs during the cyclic reheating caused by melting successive layers, resulting in α + β microstructures. How variant selection influences the evolution beyond the initial rapid cooling remains an open question. Using 3D electron backscatter diffraction, we provide a clearer understanding without ambiguity from sectioning effects of how α’ decomposes into microstructures with distinct morphologies and variant/intervariant distributions. We extract quantitative 3D information on the various intervariant boundaries networks formed in samples printed using three different electron beam scanning strategies. This shows that differing mechanisms during the decomposition result in a shift from self-accommodating clusters in an acicular microstructure, to either the preferred growth of six variants in a basketweave microstructure, or to a colony microstructure where variant selection is determined by prior-β grain boundaries. We propose a new representation of the misorientations arising from the Burgers orientation relationship, which we refer to as intervariant network diagram, to reveal how variant selection during the martensitic transformation and subsequent decomposition leads to the intervariant boundary networks observed. This holistic understanding of the microstructural evolution has the potential to allow tailoring of microstructures and properties for specific applications.

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Abbreviations

AM:

Additive manufacturing

E-PBF:

Electron-beam powder bed fusion

BOR:

Burgers orientation relationship

FIB:

Focused ion beam

EBSD:

Electron backscatter diffraction

RHAGB:

Random high-angle grain boundary

IPF:

Inverse pole figure

DVS:

Degree of variant selection

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge funding from the Department of Industry, Innovation and Science under the auspices of the AUSMURI program (AUSMURI000005). The authors further acknowledge the facilities, as well as the scientific and technical support of the Microscopy Australia node at UNSW Sydney (Mark Wainwright Centre). We would also like to thank Prof. Sudarsanam Suresh Babu and Sabina Kumar at The University of Tennessee, Knoxville for providing materials, Prof. Peter Collins and Matthew Kenney at The University of Iowa, Dr. Charlie Kong at UNSW Sydney for fruitful discussions, and Mike Jackson for support with the DREAM.3D software package. S. Primig is further supported by the Australian Research Council DECRA (DE180100440) and UNSW Scientia Fellowship schemes.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Materials Science & Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia

    Ryan DeMott, Nima Haghdadi & Sophie Primig

  2. Australian Centre for Microscopy & Microanalysis, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia

    Xiaozhou Liao & Simon P. Ringer

  3. School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia

    Xiaozhou Liao & Simon P. Ringer

Authors
  1. Ryan DeMott
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  2. Nima Haghdadi
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  3. Xiaozhou Liao
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  4. Simon P. Ringer
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  5. Sophie Primig
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Correspondence to Sophie Primig.

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DeMott, R., Haghdadi, N., Liao, X. et al. 3D characterization of microstructural evolution and variant selection in additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4 V. J Mater Sci 56, 14763–14782 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-021-06216-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-021-06216-2

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