Abstract
Flexible films possessing stable superhydrophobicity under external loading have great application potential in the emerging flexible electronics field. The effects of stretching and cyclic bending on superhydrophobicity and conductivity of the flexible films with wrinkled micro-nano hierarchical structures (W-FF) were investigated. Wrinkled micro-nano hierarchical structures were fabricated on a flexible film by pre-stretching, dipping and heating. Owing to that the interwoven network structures were always kept on the upper of the generated cracks and dendritic structures remained unchanged, the W-FF possessed stable superhydrophobicity and conductivity under stretching and cyclic bending. Effects of reaction time on the micro-nano hierarchical structures and superhydrophobicity were investigated. The formation mechanism of stable superhydrophobicity and conductivity of the W-FF under stretching and cyclic bending was studied by the characterization and comparison of the corresponding morphologies. The W-FF showed good motion sensing property when used as a real-time monitoring human motion sensor, such as monitoring facial muscle, wrist and finger movements. This superhydrophobic and conductive flexible film is expected to be applied in flexible electronics field.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Quéré D (2008) Wetting and roughness. Annu Rev Mater Res 38:71–99
Wang N, Wang Q, Xu SS, Zheng X (2019) Mechanical stability of PDMS-based micro/nanotextured flexible superhydrophobic surfaces under external loading. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 11:48583–48593
Su YW, Ji BH, Zhang K, Gao HJ, Huang YG, Hwang K (2010) Nano to micro structural hierarchy is crucial for stable superhydrophobic and water-repellent surfaces. Langmuir 26:4984–4989
Tserepi AD, Vlachopoulou ME, Gogolides E (2006) Nanotexturing of poly(dimethylsiloxane) in plasmas for creating robust super-hydrophobic surfaces. Nanotechnology 17:3977–3983
Li H, Yu SR, Hu JH, Yin XL (2019) Modifier-free fabrication of durable superhydrophobic electrodeposited Cu–Zn coating on steel substrate with self-cleaning, anti-corrosion and anti-scaling properties. Appl Surf Sci 481:872–882
Fürstner R, Barthlott W, Neinhuis C, Walzel P (2005) Wetting and self-cleaning properties of artificial superhydrophobic surfaces. Langmuir 21:956–961
Wang N, Wang Q, Xu SS, Zheng X, Zhang MY (2019) Facile fabrication of amphiphobic surfaces on copper substrates with a mixed modified solution. RSC Adv 9:17366–17372
Bixler GD, Theiss A, Bhushan B, Lee SC (2014) Anti-fouling properties of microstructured surfaces bio-inspired by rice leaves and butterfly wings. J Colloid Interface Sci 419:114–133
Lu XM, Peng YL, Ge L, Lin RJ, Zhu ZH, Liu SM (2016) Amphiphobic PVDF composite membranes for anti-fouling direct contact membrane distillation. J Membr Sci 505:61–69
Wang N, Wang Q, Xu SS, Zheng X (2019) Eco-friendly and safe method of fabricating superhydrophobic surfaces on stainless steel substrates. J Phys Chem C 123:25738–25746
Wang N, Wang Q, Xu SS, Zheng X (2019) Fabrication of multifunctional amphiphobic surfaces on copper substrates. Colloids Surf A 577:509–516
Xu SS, Wang Q, Wang N, Zheng X (2019) Fabrication of superhydrophobic green surfaces with good self-cleaning, chemical stability and anti-corrosion properties. J Mater Sci 54:13006–13016. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-019-03789-x
Xu SS, Wang Q, Wang N, Zheng X, Lei LL (2019) Environmentally-friendly fabrication of a recyclable oil–water separation material using copper mesh for immiscible oil/water mixtures. Colloids Surf A 583:124010
Chen Q, Leon A, Advincula RC (2015) Inorganic–organic thiol-ene coated mesh for oil/water separation. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 7:18566–18573
Afroj S, Karim N, Wang ZH, Tan SR, He P, Holwill M, Ghazaryan D, Fernando A, Novoselov KS (2019) Engineering graphene flakes for wearable textile sensors via highly scalable and ultrafast yarn dyeing technique. ACS Nano 13:3847–3857
Karim N, Afroj S, Tan SR, Novoselov KS, Yeates SG (2019) All inkjet-printed graphene–silver composite ink on textiles for highly conductive wearable electronics applications. Sci Rep UK 9:8035
Karim N, Afroj S, Tan SR, He P, Fernando A, Carr C, Novoselov KS (2017) Scalable production of graphene-based wearable e-textiles. ACS Nano 11:12266–12275
Abdelkader AM, Karim N, Valles C, Afroj S, Novoselov KS, Yeates SG (2017) Ultraflexible and robust graphene supercapacitors printed on textiles for wearable electronics applications. 2D Mater 4:035016
Bayer IS, Caramia V, Fragouli D, Spano F, Cingolani R, Athanassiou A (2012) Electrically conductive and high temperature resistant superhydrophobic composite films from colloidal graphite. J Mater Chem 22:2057–2062
Peng M, Liao Z, Qi J, Zhou Z (2010) Nonaligned carbon nanotubes partially embedded in polymer matrixes: a novel route to superhydrophobic conductive surfaces. Langmuir 26:13572–13578
Das A, Hayvaci HT, Tiwari MK, Bayer IS, Erricolo D, Megaridis CM (2011) Superhydrophobic and conductive carbon nanofiber/PTFE composite coatings for EMI shielding. J Colloid Interface Sci 353:311–315
Ma XH, Shen B, Zhang LH, Liu YF, Zhai WT, Zheng W (2018) Porous superhydrophobic polymer/carbon composites for lightweight and self-cleaning EMI shielding application. Compos Sci Technol 158:86–93
Balram A, Santhanagopalan S, Hao B, Yap YK, Meng DD (2016) Electrophoretically-deposited metal-decorated CNT nanoforests with high thermal/electric conductivity and wettability tunable from hydrophilic to superhydrophobic. Adv Funct Mater 26:2571–2579
Jin C, Li J, Han S, Wang J, Yao Q, Sun Q (2015) Silver mirror reaction as an approach to construct a durable, robust superhydrophobic surface of bamboo timber with high conductivity. J Alloys Compd 635:300–306
Wu MC, Li Y, An N, Sun J (2016) Applied voltage and near-infrared light enable healing of superhydrophobicity loss caused by severe scratches in conductive superhydrophobic films. Adv Funct Mater 26:6777–6784
Zhu Y, Zhang J, Zheng Y, Huang Z, Feng L, Jiang L (2006) Stable, superhydrophobic, and conductive polyaniline/polystyrene films for corrosive enviromnents. Adv Funct Mater 16:568–574
Li M, Zhai J, Liu H, Song Y, Jiang L, Zhu D (2003) Electrochemical deposition of conductive superhydrophobic zinc oxide thin films. J Phys Chem B 107:9954–9957
Tan J, Zhang Z, He Y, Yue Q, Xie Z, Ji H, Sun Y, Shi W, Ge D (2017) Electrochemical synthesis of conductive, superhydrophobic and adhesive polypyrrole-polydopamine nanowires. Synth Met 234:86–94
Wang SH, Li XT, Wu JB, Wen WJ, Qi YB (2018) Fabrication of efficient metal halide perovskite solar cells by vacuum thermal evaporation: a progress review. Curr Opin Electrochem 11:130–140
Ning T, Xu WG, Lu SX (2011) Fabrication of superhydrophobic surfaces on zinc substrates and their application as effective corrosion barriers. Appl Surf Sci 258:1359–1365
Lee J, Chung S, Song H, Kim S, Hong Y (2013) Lateral-crack-free, buckled, inkjet-printed silver electrodes on highly pre-stretched elastomeric substrates. J Phys D Appl Phys 46:105305
Wang XL, Hu H, Shen YD, Zhou XC, Zheng ZJ (2011) Stretchable conductors with ultrahigh tensile strain and stable metallic conductance enabled by prestrained polyelectrolyte nanoplatforms. Adv Mater 23:3090–3094
Bowden N, Brittain S, EvansAG Hutchinson JW, Whitesides GM (1998) Spontaneous formation of ordered structures in thin films of metals supported on an elastomeric polymer. Nature 393:146–149
Hu X, Tang CY, He ZK, Shao H, Xu KQ, Mei J, Lau WM (2017) Highly stretchable superhydrophobic composite coating based on self-adaptive deformation of hierarchical structures. Small 13:1602353
Sarkar DK, Saleema N (2010) One-step fabrication process of superhydrophobic green coatings. Surf Coat Technol 204:2483–2486
Chen FZ, Song JL, Lu Y, Huang S, Liu X, Sun J, Carmalt CJ, Parkin IP, Xu WJ (2015) Creating robust superamphiphobic coatings for both hard and soft materials. J Mater Chem A 3:20999–21008
Wang YB, Wang YM, Zhang WZ, Lu XB (2013) Fast CO2 sequestration, activation, and catalytic transformation using N-heterocyclic olefins. J Am Chem Soc 135:11996–12003
Chen J, Gu B, LeBoeuf EJ, Pan H, Dai S (2002) Spectroscopic characterization of the structural and functional properties of natural organic matter fractions. Chemosphere 48:59–68
Guo HL, Wang XF, Qian QY, Wang FB, Xia XH (2009) A green approach to the synthesis of graphene nanosheets. ACS Nano 3:2653–2659
Chen J, Mu L, Jiang B, Yin H, Song X, Li A (2015) TG/DSC-FTIR and Py-GC investigation on pyrolysis characteristics of petrochemical wastewater sludge. Bioresour Technol 192:1–10
Ganjali ST, Motiee F, Tabatabaie ZG (2014) Correlation between physico-mechanical and rheological properties of rubber compounds based on NR-BR with CC gel content in polybutadiene. Polymer 38:425–433
Ren PG, Yan DX, Ji X, Chen T, Li ZM (2011) Temperature dependence of graphene oxide reduced by hydrazine hydrate. Nanotechnology 22:055705
Wei X, Zhong H, Yang Q, Yao E, Zhang Y, Zou H (2019) Studying the mechanisms of natural rubber pyrolysis gas generation using RMD simulations and Tg-FTIR experiments. Convers Manag 189:143–152
Suyambulingam GRT, Jeyasubramanian K, Mariappan VK, Veluswamy P, Ikeda H, Krishnamoorthy K (2017) Excellent floating and load bearing properties of superhydrophobic ZnO/copper stearate nanocoating. Chem Eng J 320:468–477
Young T (1805) An essay on the cohesion of fluids. Philos Trans R Soc Lond 95:65–87
Wenzel RN (1936) Resistance of solid surfaces to wetting by water. Ind Eng Chem 28:988–994
Cassie ABD, Baxter S (1944) Wettability of porous surfaces. Faraday Soc 40:546–551
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Taishan Scholar Project of Shandong Province (No. TSHW20130956) and Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province, China (No. ZR2017MA013).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, N., Wang, Q., Xu, S. et al. Flexible films with wrinkled micro-nano hierarchical structures having stable superhydrophobicity under external loading. J Mater Sci 55, 9623–9637 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-04704-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-04704-5