Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Calcination of UV shielding nanopowder and its effect on weather resistance property of polyurethane nanocomposite films

  • Energy materials
  • Published:
Journal of Materials Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this study, the synergistic effect of ZnO nanoparticles in combination with two different crystal phases of TiO2 nanoparticles on improving weather resistance property of polyurethane (PU) film has been studied. The UV shielding nanopowder containing TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles was calcinated at varying conditions, and the process was optimized to obtain the desired crystal structure. After calcination, the change in crystal phase, crystal size, inter-planer distance in crystal and particle size was characterized using XRD, TEM and particle size analyzer, while chemical changes were analyzed by FTIR and EDX. The as-received as well as calcinated UV shielding nanopowders (1–5 wt%) were incorporated in PU matrix by melt mixing in a twin-screw extruder, and the extrudate nanocomposites were used to make films. The neat PU and nanocomposite films were exposed in accelerated artificial weathering for 300 h, while the films were analyzed at a 100-h interval. The physical and chemical changes of exposed film surface were analyzed by SEM, AFM and FTIR. The UV protection factor (UPF) of both types of PU nanocomposite films increased with increased loading of nanoparticles, although the UPF values were slightly lower for calcinated UV shielding nanopowder-based PU nanocomposite films. The calcinated UV shielding nanopowder showed good potential in improving weather resistance of PU nanocomposite films in term of—(1) lower change in surface morphology and surface chemistry and (2) better retention in tensile properties after exposure in accelerated artificial weathering. The synergistic effect of ZnO nanoparticle and rutile phase enriched TiO2 nanoparticles in calcinated UV shielding nanopowder enhanced the weather resistance of PU films significantly.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
Figure 9

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Joshi M, Adak B, Butola BS (2018) Polyurethane nanocomposite based gas barrier films, membranes and coatings: a review on synthesis, characterization and potential applications. Prog Mater Sci 97:230–282

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Gurunathan T, Rao CR, Narayan R, Raju KVSN (2013) Polyurethane conductive blends and composites: synthesis and applications perspective. J Mater Sci 48:67–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-012-6658-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Li Y, Zhou M, Yang Z, Li Y (2018) Anthraquinone-functionalized polyurethane designed for polymer electrochromic and electrical memory applications. J Mater Sci 53:15600–15613. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-018-2732-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Chattopadhyay DK, Raju KVSN (2007) Structural engineering of polyurethane coatings for high performance applications. Prog Polym Sci 32:352–418

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Allen NS, McKellar JF (1976) Photochemical reactions in an MDI-based elastomeric polyurethane. J Appl Polym Sci 20:1441–1447

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Rashvand M, Ranjbar Z (2014) Degradation and stabilization of an aromatic polyurethane coating during an artificial aging test via FTIR spectroscopy. Mater Corros 65:76–81

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Thapliyal BP, Chandra R (1990) Advances in photodegradation and stabilization of polyurethanes. Prog Polym Sci 15:735–750

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Singh RP, Tomer NS, Bhadraiah SV (2001) Photo-oxidation studies on polyurethane coating: effect of additives on yellowing of polyurethane. Polym Degrad Stab 73:443–446

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Chu CC, Fischer TE (1979) Evaluation of sunlight stability of polyurethane elastomers for maxillofacial use. II. J Biomed Mater Res 13:965–974

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Wang H, Wang Y, Liu D, Sun Z, Wang H (2014) Effects of additives on weather-resistance properties of polyurethane films exposed to ultraviolet radiation and ozone atmosphere. J Nanomater 2014:1–7

    Google Scholar 

  11. Yang H, Zhu S, Pan N (2004) Studying the mechanisms of titanium dioxide as ultraviolet-blocking additive for films and fabrics by an improved scheme. J Appl Polym Sci 92:3201–3210

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Anees SM, Dasari A (2018) A review on the environmental durability of intumescent coatings for steels. J Mater Sci 53:124–145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-017-1500-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Yu J, Wang B (2010) Effect of calcination temperature on morphology and photoelectrochemical properties of anodized titanium dioxide nanotube arrays. Appl Catal B Environ 94:295–302

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Luttrell T, Halpegamage S, Tao J, Kramer A, Sutter E, Batzill M (2015) Why is anatase a better photocatalyst than rutile?-Model studies on epitaxial TiO2 films. Sci Rep 4:41–48

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Hanaor DAH, Sorrell CC (2011) Review of the anatase to rutile phase transformation. J Mater Sci 46:855–874https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-010-5113-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Koziej D, Lauria A, Niederberger M (2014) 25th Anniversary article: metal oxide particles in materials science: addressing all length scales. Adv Mater 26:235–257

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Ceresa EM, Burlamacchi L, Visca M (1983) An ESR study on the photoreactivity of TiO2 pigments. J Mater Sci 18:289–294. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00543837

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Gupta S, Chandra T, Sikder A, Menon A, Bhowmick AK (2008) Accelerated weathering behavior of poly (phenylene ether)-based TPE. J Mater Sci 43:3338–3350. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-008-2484-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Haider AJ, Jameel ZN, Taha SY (2015) Synthesis and characterization of TiO2 nanoparticles via Sol–Gel method by pulse laser ablation. Eng Tech J 33:761–771

    Google Scholar 

  20. Kockler J, Oelgemöller M, Robertson S, Glass B (2014) Influence of titanium dioxide particle size on the photostability of the chemical UV-filters butyl methoxy dibenzoylmethane and octocrylene in a microemulsion. Cosmetics 1:128–139

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Fei P, Xiong H, Cai J, Liu C, Zia-Ud-Din YYu (2016) Enhanced the weatherability of bamboo fiber-based outdoor building decoration materials by rutile nano-TiO2. Constr Build Mater 114:307–316

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Zheng R, Tshabalala MA, Li Q, Wang H (2015) Weathering performance of wood coated with a combination of alkoxysilanes and rutile TiO2 heirarchical nanostructures. BioResources 10:7053–7064

    Google Scholar 

  23. Sun Q, Lu Y, Zhang H, Yang D, Wang Y, Xu J, Tu J, Liu Y et al (2012) Improved UV resistance in wood through the hydrothermal growth of highly ordered ZnO nanorod arrays. J Mater Sci 47:4457–4462https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-012-6304-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Saito M (1993) Antibacterial, deodorizing, and UV absorbing materials obtained with zinc oxide (ZnO) coated fabrics. J Ind Text 23:150–164

    Google Scholar 

  25. Salla J, Pandey KK, Srinivas K (2012) Improvement of UV resistance of wood surfaces by using ZnO nanoparticles. Polym Degrad Stab 97:592–596

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Aloui F, Ahajji A, Irmouli Y, George B, Charrier B, Merlin A (2007) Inorganic UV absorbers for the photostabilisation of wood-clearcoating systems: comparison with organic UV absorbers. Appl Surf Sci 253:3737–3745

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Shohel M, Miran MS, Susan MABH, Mollah MYA (2016) Calcination temperature-dependent morphology of photocatalytic ZnO nanoparticles prepared by an electrochemical–thermal method. Res Chem Intermed 42:5281–5297

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Yu J, Xiong J, Cheng B, Liu S (2005) Fabrication and characterization of Ag–TiO2 multiphase nanocomposite thin films with enhanced photocatalytic activity. Appl Catal B Environ 60:211–221

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Pal Singh RP, Hudiara IS, Rana SB (2016) Effect of calcination temperature on the structural, optical and magnetic properties of pure and Fe-doped ZnO nanoparticles. Mater Sci Pol 34:451–459

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Lee J, Christopher Orilall M, Warren SC, Kamperman M, Disalvo FJ, Wiesner U (2008) Direct access to thermally stable and highly crystalline mesoporous transition-metal oxides with uniform pores. Nat Mater 7:222–228

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Fischer K, Gawel A, Rosen D, Krause M, Abdul Latif A, Griebel J, Prager A, Schulze A (2017) Low-temperature synthesis of anatase/rutile/brookite TiO2 nanoparticles on a polymer membrane for photocatalysis. Catalysts 7:209. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal7070209

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Becheri A, Dürr M, Lo Nostro P, Baglioni P (2008) Synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles: application to textiles as UV-absorbers. J Nanopart Res 10:679–689

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Lachom V, Poolcharuansin P, Laokul P (2017) Preparation, characterizations and photocatalytic activity of a ZnO/TiO2 nanocomposite. Mater Res Express 4:035006. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/aa60d1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Bai S, Hu J, Li D, Luo R, Chen A, Liu CC (2011) Quantum-sized ZnO nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization and sensing properties for NO2. J Mater Chem 21:12288–12294

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Raj KP, Sadayandi K (2016) Effect of temperature on structural, optical and photoluminescence studies on ZnO nanoparticles synthesized by the standard co-precipitation method. Phys B Condens Matter 487:1–7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Kayani ZN, Saleemi F, Batool I (2015) Effect of calcination temperature on the properties of ZnO nanoparticles. Appl Phys A Mater Sci Process 119:713–720

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. SF Shaikh, RS Mane, BK Min, YJ Hwang, OS Joo (2016) D-sorbitol-induced phase control of TiO2 nanoparticles and its application for dye-sensitized solar cells. Sci Rep 6: 20103

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Dai S, Wu Y, Sakai T, Du Z, Sakai H, Abe M (2010) Preparation of highly crystalline TiO2 nanostructures by acid-assisted hydrothermal treatment of hexagonal-structured nanocrystalline titania/cetyltrimethyammonium bromide nanoskeleton. Nanoscale Res Lett 5:1829–1835

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Lin J, Wang B, Sproul WD, Ou Y, Dahan I (2013) Anatase and rutile TiO2 films deposited by arc-free deep oscillation magnetron sputtering. J Phys D Appl Phys 46:084008. https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/46/8/084008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Chen YF, Lee CY, Yeng MY, Chiu HT (2003) The effect of calcination temperature on the crystallinity of TiO2 nanopowders. J Cryst Growth 247:363–370

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Sowri Babu K, Ramachandra Reddy A, Sujatha C, Venugopal Reddy K, Mallika AN (2013) Synthesis and optical characterization of porous ZnO. J Adv Ceram 2:260–265

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Negishi N, Takeuchi K, Ibusuki T (1998) Surface structure of the TiO2 thin film photocatalyst. J Mater Sci 33:5789–5794https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004441829285

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Cai J, Xin W, Liu G, Lin D, Zhu D (2016) Effect of calcination temperature on structural properties and photocatalytic activity of Mn-C-codoped TiO2. Mater Res 19:401–407

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Yahaya MZ, Abdullah MZ, Mohamad AA (2015) Centrifuge and storage precipitation of TiO < inf > 2</inf > nanoparticles by the sol–gel method. J Alloys Compd 651:557–564

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Kuznetsova IN, Blaskov V, Znaidi L (2007) Study on the influence of heat treatment on the crystallographic phases of nanostructured TiO2 films. Mater Sci Eng B Solid State Mater Adv Technol 137:31–39

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Be´gin-Colin S, Gadalla A, Le Cae¨r G, Humbert O, Thomas F, Barres O, Villie´ras F, Toma LF et al (2009) On the origin of the decay of the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 powders ground at high. J Phys Chem C 113:16589–16602

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Adak B, Butola BS, Joshi M (2018) Effect of organoclay-type and clay-polyurethane interaction chemistry for tuning the morphology, gas barrier and mechanical properties of clay/polyurethane nanocomposites. Appl Clay Sci 161:343–353

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Adak B, Joshi M, Butola BS (2018) Polyurethane/clay nanocomposites with improved helium gas barrier and mechanical properties: direct versus master-batch melt mixing route. J Appl Polym Sci 135:46422. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.46422

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Oprea S (2011) Effect of the long chain extender on the properties of linear and castor oil cross-linked PEG-based polyurethane elastomers. J Mater Sci 46:2251–2258. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-010-5064-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Zhao S, Wen Y, Wang Z, Kang H, Li J, Zhang S, Ji Y (2018) Preparation and demonstration of poly(dopamine)-triggered attapulgite-anchored polyurethane as a high-performance rod-like elastomer to reinforce soy protein-isolated composites. Appl Surf Sci 442:537–546

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Song W, Wang B, Fan L, Ge F, Wang C (2019) Graphene oxide/waterborne polyurethane composites for fine pattern fabrication and ultrastrong ultraviolet protection cotton fabric via screen printing. Appl Surf Sci 463:403–411

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Ludwick A, Aglan H, Abdalla MO, Calhoun M (2008) Degradation behavior of an ultraviolet and hygrothermally aged polyurethane elastomer: fourier transform infrared and differential scanning calorimetry studies. J Appl Polym Sci 110:712–718

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Tahmassebi N, Moradian S, Mirabedini SM (2005) Evaluation of the weathering performance of basecoat/clearcoat automotive paint systems by electrochemical properties measurements. Prog Org Coatings 54:384–389

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Yang XF, Vang C, Tallman DE, Bierwagen GP, Croll SG, Rohlik S (2001) Weathering degradation of a polyurethane coating. Polym Degrad Stab 74:341–351

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Rashvand M, Ranjbar Z, Rastegar S (2011) Nano zinc oxide as a UV-stabilizer for aromatic polyurethane coatings. Prog Org Coatings 71:362–368

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Egerton TA, Tooley IR (2012) UV absorption and scattering properties of inorganic-based sunscreens. Int J Cosmet Sci 34:117–122

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Egerton TA (2014) UV-absorption-the primary process in photocatalysis and some practical consequences. Molecules 19:18192–18214

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Authors are very thankful to Aerial Delivery Research and Development Establishment (ADRDE, Agra), Defense Research and Development (DRDO) for sponsoring this project (Project No. RP03005G) under which this work has been carried out.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Textile Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India

    Bapan Adak, B. S. Butola & Mangala Joshi

Authors
  1. Bapan Adak
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. B. S. Butola
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mangala Joshi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mangala Joshi.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary material 1 (DOCX 979 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Adak, B., Butola, B.S. & Joshi, M. Calcination of UV shielding nanopowder and its effect on weather resistance property of polyurethane nanocomposite films. J Mater Sci 54, 12698–12712 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-019-03739-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-019-03739-7

Search

Navigation