Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) graphene/phenolic resin-based porous carbon composites with enhanced conductivity were prepared by carbonizing 3D graphene/phenolic resin composites and potassium hydroxide activation. The 3D graphene/phenolic resin composites were prepared via phenolic resin in situ polymerization in graphene hydrogels to protect the structure of 3D graphene. The prepared porous carbon composites exhibit an improved graphitization degree and enhanced conductivity by introducing 3D graphene. As supercapacitor electrode material, the electrochemical performance of the composite electrode materials was better than that of porous carbon prepared by pure phenolic resin due to the improved conductivity. The 3D graphene/phenolic resin-based porous carbon composite shows a high specific capacitance of 215.3 F g−1 at 0.1 A g−1, good rate capability of 72.9% in the range of 0.1–5 A g−1 and excellent cycling stability (only 3.4% loss in specific capacitance after 5000 cycles). The method developed in this work would open up a new route to design and synthesize 3D graphene/porous carbon composites for a variety of applications like supercapacitors, catalysts and fuel cells.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Cai T, Zhou M, Ren D, Han G, Guan S (2013) Highly ordered mesoporous phenol–formaldehyde carbon as supercapacitor electrode material. J Power Sources 231:197–202
Lota G, Centeno TA, Frackowiak E, Stoeckli F (2008) Improvement of the structural and chemical properties of a commercial activated carbon for its application in electrochemical capacitors. Electrochim Acta 53:2210–2216
Chen H, Wang F, Tong S, Guo S, Pan X (2012) Porous carbon with tailored pore size for electric double layer capacitors application. Appl Surf Sci 258:6097–6102
Wang L, Sun L, Tian C, Tan T, Mu G, Zhang H, Fu H (2012) A novel soft template strategy to fabricate mesoporous carbon/graphene composites as high-performance supercapacitor electrodes. RSC Adv 2:8359–8367
Sun F, Gao J, Liu X, Pi X, Yang Y, Wu S (2016) Porous carbon with a large surface area and an ultrahigh carbon purity via templating carbonization coupling with KOH activation as excellent supercapacitor electrode materials. Appl Surf Sci 387:857–863
Wang Y, Tao S, An Y (2012) Superwetting monolithic carbon with hierarchical structure as supercapacitor materials. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 163:249–258
Zhang J, Zhang W, Zhang H, Pang J, Cao G, Han M, Yang Y (2017) A novel synthesis of hierarchical porous carbons from resol by potassium acetate activation for high performance supercapacitor electrodes. J Alloys Compd 712:76–81
Tian Z, Xie M, Shen Y, Wang Y, Guo X (2017) Fabrication of sulfonated mesoporous carbon by evaporation induced self-assembly/carbonization approach and its supercapacitive properties. Chin Chem Lett 28:863–867
Zhang N, Gao N, Fu C, Liu D, Li S, Jiang L, Zhou H, Kuang Y (2017) Hierarchical porous carbon spheres/graphene composite for supercapacitor with both aqueous solution and ionic liquid. Electrochim Acta 235:340–347
Shen Y, Qu T, Xiang K, Zhang Y, Tian Z, Xie M, Guo X (2017) Porous carbon nanosheets with abundant oxygen functionalities derived from phoenix seeds for high-performance supercapacitor. ChemistrySelect 2:10704–10708
Zhang J, Zhang W, Zhang H, Pang J, Cao G, Han M, Yang Y (2017) Facile preparation of water soluble phenol formaldehyde resin-derived activated carbon by Na2CO3 activation for high performance supercapacitors. Mater Lett 206:67–70
Hao GP, Lu AH, Dong W, Jin ZY, Zhang XQ, Zhang JT, Li WC (2013) Sandwich-type microporous carbon nanosheets for enhanced supercapacitor performance. Adv Energy Mater 3:1421–1427
Li XJ, Xing W, Zhou J, Wang GQ, Zhuo SP, Yan ZF, Xue QZ, Qiao SZ (2014) Excellent capacitive performance of a three-dimensional hierarchical porous graphene/carbon composite with a superhigh surface area. Chem Eur J 20:13314–13320
Stankovich S, Dikin DA, Dommett GHB, Kohlhaas KM, Zimney EJ, Stach EA, Piner RD, Nguyen ST, Ruoff RS (2006) Graphene-based composite materials. Nature 442:282–286
Qian Y, Ismail IM, Stein A (2014) Ultralight, high-surface-area, multifunctional graphene-based aerogels from self-assembly of graphene oxide and resol. Carbon 68:221–231
Wang G, Jia L, Hou B, Li D, Wang J, Sun Y (2015) Self-assembled graphene monoliths: properties, structures and their pH-dependent self-assembly behavior. New Carbon Mater 30:30–40
Zhang M, Gao B, Pu K, Yao Y, Inyang M (2013) Graphene-mediated self-assembly of zeolite-based microcapsules. Chem Eng J 223:556–562
Liu H, Wang Y, Gou X, Qi T, Yang J, Ding Y (2013) Three-dimensional graphene/polyaniline composite material for high-performance supercapacitor applications. Mater Sci Eng, B 178:293–298
Song Y, Li Z, Guo K, Shao T (2016) Hierarchically ordered mesoporous carbon/graphene composites as supercapacitor electrode materials. Nanoscale 8:15671–15680
Tang G, Jiang ZG, Li X, Zhang HB, Dasari A, Yu ZZ (2014) Three dimensional graphene aerogels and their electrically conductive composites. Carbon 77:592–599
Lua A, Yang T (2004) Effect of activation temperature on the textural and chemical properties of potassium hydroxide activated carbon prepared from pistachio nut shell. J Colloids Interface Sci 274:594–601
Li F, Xie L, Sun G, Kong Q, Su F, Lei H, Guo X, Zhang B, Chen C (2017) Regulating pore structure of carbon aerogels by graphene oxide as ‘shape-directing’ agent. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 240:145–148
Tian Z, Duan S, Shen Y, Xie M, Guo X (2017) SiO2@MgO nanoparticles templated mesoporous carbon with rich electro-active oxygenic functionalities and enhanced supercapacitive performances. Appl Surf Sci 407:463–469
Lei Y, Gan M, Ma L, Jin M, Zhang X, Fu G, Yang P, Yan M (2017) Synthesis of nitrogen-doped porous carbon from zeolitic imidazolate framework-67 and phenolic resin for high performance supercapacitors. Ceram Int 43:6502–6510
Jia S, Wang Y, Xin G, Zhou S, Tian P, Zang J (2016) An efficient preparation of N-doped mesoporous carbon derived from milk powder for supercapacitors and fuel cells. Electrochim Acta 196:527–534
Wang F, Xiao S, Hou Y, Hu C, Liu L, Wu Y (2013) Electrode materials for aqueous asymmetric supercapacitors. RSC Adv 3:13059–13084
Boota M, Hatzell KB, Alhabeb M, Kumbur EC, Gogotsi Y (2015) Graphene-containing flowable electrodes for capacitive energy storage. Carbon 92:142–149
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Key Basic Research Program of Hebei Province of China (No. 18964408D).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yang, G., Wang, Y., Zhou, S. et al. Graphene/phenolic resin-based porous carbon composites with improved conductivity prepared via in situ polymerization in graphene hydrogels. J Mater Sci 54, 2222–2230 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-018-2983-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-018-2983-z