Abstract
In this study, a novel halogen-free flame retarded form-stable phase change material (PCM) was designed and prepared, selecting paraffin as the thermal-energy storage material and epoxy resin (EP) as the supporting material; furthermore, a novel flame retardant curing agent PEPA–TMA (2,6,7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo-[2.2.2]-octane-4-methanol reacted with trimellitic anhydride) and melamine cyanurate were combined into the energy-storing material to obtain the flame retarded PCM. Thermal performances of the PCM were investigated through differential scanning calorimeter, the data suggested that the PCM had relatively high latent heat, and values normalized to the amount of paraffin were lower than the theoretical values. The thermogravimetric analysis displayed that the intumescent flame retardant (IFR) could improve the charring of the PCM, and the PCM had passed a UL 94 V-0 test when the IFR loading reached 24 wt%. The cone calorimeter results further proved that the PCM had better flame retardancy. The morphology of the composites was observed by scanning electron microscopy, and the images showed that the paraffin could be dispersed uniformly in the materials, which formed a three-dimensional network by EP.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Zhang P, Song L, Lu H, Wang J, Hu Y (2010) The influence of expanded graphite on thermal properties for paraffin/high density polyethylene/chlorinated paraffin/antimony trioxide as a flame retardant phase change material. Energy Convers Manag 51:2733–2737
Reyes A, Henriquez-Vargas L, Aravena R, Sepulveda F (2015) Experimental analysis, modeling and simulation of a solar energy accumulator with paraffin wax as PCM. Energy Convers Manag 105:189–196
Sun X, Zhang Q, Medina MA, Lee KO, Liao S (2016) Parameter design for a phase change material board installed on the inner surface of building exterior envelopes for cooling in China. Energy Convers Manag 120:100–108
Jiang Z, Ouyang T, Yang Y, Chen L, Fan X, Chen Y, Li W, Fei Y (2018) Thermal conductivity enhancement of phase change materials with form-stable carbon bonded carbon fiber network. Mater Des 143:177–184
Li L, Wang G, Guo C (2016) Influence of intumescent flame retardant on thermal and flame retardancy of eutectic mixed paraffin/polypropylene form-stable phase change materials. Appl Energy 162:428–434
Li W-W, Cheng W-L, Xie B, Liu N, Zhang L-S (2017) Thermal sensitive flexible phase change materials with high thermal conductivity for thermal energy storage. Energy Convers Manag 149:1–12
Mochane M, Luyt A (2015) The effect of expanded graphite on the flammability and thermal conductivity properties of phase change material based on PP/wax blends. Polym Bull 72:2263–2283
Guo X, Cao J, Peng Y, Liu R (2016) Incorporation of microencapsulated dodecanol into wood flour/high-density polyethylene composite as a phase change material for thermal energy storage. Mater Des 89:1325–1334
Qiu X, Lu L, Chen Z (2015) Preparation and characterization of flame retardant phase change materials by microencapsulated paraffin and diethyl ethylphosphonate with poly (methacrylic acid-co-ethyl methacrylate) shell. J Appl Polym Sci 132:41880
Wang J, Wang Y, Yang R (2015) Flame retardance property of shape-stabilized phase change materials. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 140:439–445
Zhang P, Hu Y, Song L, Ni J, Xing W, Wang J (2010) Effect of expanded graphite on properties of high-density polyethylene/paraffin composite with intumescent flame retardant as a shape-stabilized phase change material. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 94:360–365
Sarı A (2016) Thermal energy storage characteristics of bentonite-based composite PCMs with enhanced thermal conductivity as novel thermal storage building materials. Energy Convers Manag 117:132–141
Mehrali M, Latibari ST, Mehrali M, Mahlia TMI, Metselaar HSC (2013) Preparation and properties of highly conductive palmitic acid/graphene oxide composites as thermal energy storage materials. Energy 58:628–634
Chen C, Zhang H, Gao X, Xu T, Fang Y, Zhang Z (2016) Numerical and experimental investigation on latent thermal energy storage system with spiral coil tube and paraffin/expanded graphite composite PCM. Energy Convers Manag 126:889–897
Inaba H, Tu P (1997) Evaluation of thermophysical characteristics on shape-stabilized paraffin as a solid–liquid phase change material. Heat Mass Transf 32:307–312
Fang Y, Kang H, Wang W, Liu H, Gao X (2010) Study on polyethylene glycol/epoxy resin composite as a form-stable phase change material. Energy Convers Manag 51:2757–2761
Krupa I, Miková G, Luyt A (2007) Phase change materials based on low-density polyethylene/paraffin wax blends. Eur Polym J 43:4695–4705
Trigui A, Karkri M, Krupa I (2014) Thermal conductivity and latent heat thermal energy storage properties of LDPE/wax as a shape-stabilized composite phase change material. Energy Convers Manag 77:586–596
Hong Y, Xin-shi G (2000) Preparation of polyethylene–paraffin compound as a form-stable solid-liquid phase change material. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 64:37–44
Sarı A (2004) Form-stable paraffin/high density polyethylene composites as solid–liquid phase change material for thermal energy storage: preparation and thermal properties. Energy Convers Manag 45:2033–2042
Zhao W, Liu J, Zhang Y, Ban D (2015) Simple green synthesis of solid polymeric bisphenol A bis (diphenyl phosphate) and its flame retardancy in epoxy resins. RSC Adv 5:80415–80423
Liang B, Cao J, Hong X, Wang C (2013) Synthesis and properties of a novel phosphorous-containing flame-retardant hardener for epoxy resin. J Appl Polym Sci 128:2759–2765
Zhao W, Liu J, Peng H, Liao J, Wang X (2015) Synthesis of a novel PEPA-substituted polyphosphoramide with high char residues and its performance as an intumescent flame retardant for epoxy resins. Polym Degrad Stab 118:120–129
Luyt A, Krupa I (2009) Phase change materials formed by uv curable epoxy matrix and Fischer–Tropsch paraffin wax. Energy Convers Manag 50:57–61
Zhang P, Song L, Lu H, Wang J, Hu Y (2010) The thermal property and flame retardant mechanism of intumescent flame retardant paraffin system with metal. Ind Eng Chem Res 49:6003–6009
Ferdosian F, Yuan Z, Anderson M, Xu CC (2016) Thermal performance and thermal decomposition kinetics of lignin-based epoxy resins. J Anal Appl Pyrol 119:124–132
Kuznik F, David D, Johannes K, Roux J-J (2011) A review on phase change materials integrated in building walls. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 15:379–391
Xu L, Wang W, Yu D (2017) Durable flame retardant finishing of cotton fabrics with halogen-free organophosphonate by UV photoinitiated thiol-ene click chemistry. Carbohydr Polym 172:275–283
Yu W, Huang T, Lei W (2014) Synthesis, application of a novel halogen-free intumescent flame retardant agent for poplar wood veneer. Adv Mater Res 1004:1022–1025
Gaan S, Sun G, Hutches K, Engelhard MH (2008) Effect of nitrogen additives on flame retardant action of tributyl phosphate: phosphorus–nitrogen synergism. Polym Degrad Stab 93:99
Zuo J, Su Y, Liu S, Sheng Q (2011) Preparation and properties of FR-PP with phosphorus-containing intumescent flame retardant. J Polym Res 18:1125–1129
Nie S, Hu Y, Song L, He Q, Yang D, Chen H (2008) Synergistic effect between a char forming agent (CFA) and microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate on the thermal and flame retardant properties of polypropylene. Polym Adv Technol 19:1077–1083
Ma T, Guo C (2017) Synergistic effect between melamine cyanurate and a novel flame retardant curing agent containing a caged bicyclic phosphate on flame retardancy and thermal behavior of epoxy resins. J Anal Appl Pyrol 124:239–246
Cai Y, Wei Q, Huang F, Lin S, Chen F, Gao W (2009) Thermal stability, latent heat and flame retardant properties of the thermal energy storage phase change materials based on paraffin/high density polyethylene composites. Renew Energy 34:2117–2123
Qian Y, Wei P, Jiang P, Liu J (2012) Preparation of halogen-free flame retardant hybrid paraffin composites as thermal energy storage materials by in situ sol–gel process. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 107:13–19
Cai Y, Wei Q, Huang F, Gao W (2008) Preparation and properties studies of halogen-free flame retardant form-stable phase change materials based on paraffin/high density polyethylene composites. Appl Energy 85:765–775
Babrauskas V (1982) Development of cone calorimeter-a bench scale, rate of heat release based on oxygen consumption, NBS-IR 82-2611. US National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg
Wang Z, Qu B, Fan W, Huang P (2001) Combustion characteristics of halogen-free flame-retarded polyethylene containing magnesium hydroxide and some synergists. J Appl Polym Sci 81:206–214
Xu M, Chen Y, Qian L, Wang J, Tang S (2014) Component ratio effects of hyperbranched triazine compound and ammonium polyphosphate in flame-retardant polypropylene composites. J Appl Polym Sci 21:41006
Yan H, Zhang J, Zhang M, Du X, Ma S, Xu B (2016) Synergistic flame-retardant effect of IFR and PPO in improving flame retardancy of polystyrene. Adv Polym Technol 35:208–214
Acknowledgements
This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31670516 and 31570572).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ma, T., Li, L., Wang, Q. et al. High-performance flame retarded paraffin/epoxy resin form-stable phase change material. J Mater Sci 54, 875–885 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-018-2846-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-018-2846-7