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Catalytic conversion of Kraft lignin to bio-multilayer graphene materials under different atmospheres

  • Biomaterials
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Abstract

Kraft lignin was catalytic graphitized by iron at 1000 °C in argon, hydrogen, CO2, methane, and natural gas atmospheres, respectively. The effect of atmospheric agent types on product distribution (gas, liquid, and solid carbon yields) was analyzed. The solid products were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Raman, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Experimental results have shown that the degree of graphitization of Kraft lignin depends not only on the highest temperature, but also the type of ambient gas phase during heat treatment. Methane and natural gas in the ambient gas phase seem to accelerate the formation of multilayer graphene materials with a range of 2–30 layers, and hydrogen and carbon dioxide have an etching effect on solid carbon species during the catalytic graphitization process, while multilayer graphene-encapsulated iron nanoparticles were the main products in the case of argon.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the USDA Forest Service through Grant No. 16-JV-11111124-075. The authors would like to acknowledge Domtar Corp., North Carolina, for providing Kraft lignin for this study. The assistance of Ms. Amanda Lawrence of the Institute for Imaging and Analytical Technologies (I2AT) at Mississippi State University is gratefully acknowledged.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Sustainable Bioproducts, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA

    Qiangu Yan, Xuefeng Zhang, El Barbary Hassan & Jilei Zhang

  2. Department of Biomaterials, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, 10000, China

    Jinghao Li

  3. Forest Products Lab, USDA Forest Service, Madison, WI, 53726, USA

    Jinghao Li & Zhiyong Cai

  4. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA

    Chuji Wang

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  1. Qiangu Yan
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  5. Chuji Wang
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Correspondence to Jinghao Li, Jilei Zhang or Zhiyong Cai.

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Yan, Q., Zhang, X., Li, J. et al. Catalytic conversion of Kraft lignin to bio-multilayer graphene materials under different atmospheres. J Mater Sci 53, 8020–8029 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-018-2172-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-018-2172-0

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