Abstract
The effect of substituting K2O for Na2O on the physical and chemical properties of 15 glasses in the system Na2O–K2O–CaO–P2O5–SiO2 was studied for three series: low (52 mol% SiO2), medium (60 mol% SiO2) and high (66 mol% SiO2) silica. The SiO2 content expressed as weight-% varied from 46 to 64 wt%, thus suggesting that the compositions were either bioactive or biocompatible. The crystallization tendency and sintering behavior were studied using differential thermal analysis and hot stage microscopy. Formation of silica- and hydroxy-apatite-rich layers were studied for glass plates immersed in static simulated body fluid. The release of inorganic ions into Tris buffer solution was analyzed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer in dynamic and static conditions. Substitution of K2O for Na2O suggested mixed alkali effect (MAE) for the thermal properties with a minimum value around 25% substitution. With increased share of K2O in total alkali oxides, the hot working window markedly expanded in each series. Silica and hydroxyapatite layers were seen only on the low silica glasses, while a thin silica-rich layer formed on the other glasses. In each series, greater dissolution of alkali and alkali earth ions was seen from K-rich glasses. Clear MAE and preferential ion dissolution were recorded for medium and high silica series, while for low silica glasses, the initial MAE dissolution trends become rapidly covered by other simultaneous surface reactions. MAE enables designing especially low silica bioactive glasses for improved hot working properties and medium and high silica glasses for controlled dissolution.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Isard JO (1969) The mixed alkali effect in glass. J Non-Cryst Solids 1:235–261
Day DE (1976) Mixed alkali glasses—their properties and uses. J Non-Cryst Solids 21:343–372
Doremus RH (1974) Mixed alkali effect and interdiffusion of Na and K ions in glass. J Am Ceram Soc 57:478–480
Wu Z, Zhou N, Mao B, Shen Z (1986) Study of the mixed alkali effect on chemical durability of alkali silicate glasses. J Non-Cryst Solids 84:468–476
Shen J, Green DJ (2004) Effect of the K/Na ratio in mixed alkali lime silicate glasses on the rheological and physical properties. J Non-Cryst Solids 344:66–72
Sen S, Tooley FV (1955) Effect of Na2O/K2O ratio on chemical durability of alkali-lime-silica glasses. J Am Ceram Soc 38:175–177
Avramov I, Vassilev TS, Penkov I (2005) The glass transition temperature of silicate and borate glasses. J Non-Cryst Solids 351:472–476
Vessal B, Greaves GN, Marten PT, Chadwick AV, Mole R, Houde-Walter S (1992) Cation microsegregation and ionic mobility in mixed alkali glasses. Nature 356:504–506
Swenson J, Adams S (2003) Mixed alkali effect in glasses. Phys Rev Lett 90:155507
Lammet H, Heuer A (2005) Contributions to the mixed-alkali effect in molecular dynamics simulations of alkali silicate glasses. Phys Rev B 72:214202
Hench LL (1999) Bioactive glasses and glass ceramics. Mater Sci Forum 293:37–64
Hupa L, Fagerlund S (2014) Bioactive glasses. In: Matinlinna JP (ed) Handbook of oral biomaterials. Pan Stanford Publishing, pp 218–315
Brauer DS (2015) Bioactive glasses-structure and properties. Angew Chem Int Ed 54:4160–4181
Brown RF, Day DE, Day TE, June S, Rahaman MN, Fu Q (2008) Growth and differentiation of osteoblastic cells on 13–93 bioactive glass fibers and scaffolds. Acta Biomater 4:387–396
Miguez-Pacheco V, Hench LL, Boccaccini AR (2015) Bioactive glasses beyond bone and teeth: emerging applications in contact with soft tissues. Acta Biomater 13:1–15
Souza MT, Peitl O, Zanotto D, Boccaccini AR (2016) Novel double-layered conduit containing highly bioactive glass fibers for potential nerve guide application. Int J Appl Glass Sci 7:183–194
Massera J, Fagerlund S, Hupa L, Hupa M (2012) Crystallization mechanism of the bioactive glasses 45S5 and S53P4. J Am Ceram Soc 95:607–613
Brink M (1997) The influence of alkali and alkaline earths on the working range for bioactive glasses. J Biomed Mater Res 36:109–117
Brink M, Turunen T, Happonen RP, Yli-Urpo A (1997) Compositional dependence of bioactivity of glasses in the system Na2O–K2O–MgO–CaO–B2O3–P2O5–SiO2. J Biomed Mater Res 37:114–121
Arstila H, Vedel E, Hupa L, Hupa M (2008) Predicting physical and chemical properties of bioactive glasses from chemical composition. Part 2: devitrification characteristics. Glass Technol- Part A 49:260–265
Tilocca A (2010) Sodium migration pathways in multicomponent silicate glasses: Car-Parrinello molecular dynamics simulations. J Chem Phys 133:014701
Itälä A, Koort J, Ylänen HO, Hupa M, Aro HT (2003) Biologic significance of surface microroughing in bone incorporation of porous bioactive glass implants. J Biomed Mater Res A 67:496–503
Alm JJ, Frantzén JPA, Moritz N, Lankinen P, Tuklainen M, Kellomäki M, Aro HT (2010) In vivo testing of a biodegradable woven fabric made of bioactive glass fibers and PLGA80-a pilot study in the rabbit. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 93:573–580
Xiao W, Zaeem MA, Sonny Bal B, Rahaman MN (2016) Creation of bioactive glass (13–93) scaffolds for structural bone repair using a combined finite element modeling and rapid prototyping approach. Mater Sci Eng C 68:651–662
Elgayar I, Aliev AE, Boccaccini AR (2005) Hill RG Structure analysis of bioactive glasses. J Non-Cryst Solids 351:173–183
Tylkowski M, Brauer DS (2013) Mixed alkali effects in Bioglass® 45S5. J Non-Cryst Solids 376:175–181
Groh D, Döhler F, Brauer DS (2014) Bioactive glasses with improved processing. Part 1. Thermal properties, ion release and apatite formation. Acta Biomater 10:4465–4473
Döhler F, Groh D, Chiba S, Bierlich J, Kobelke J, Brauer DS (2016) Bioactive glasses with improved processing. Part 2. Viscosity and fiber drawing. J Non-Cryst Solids 432:130–136
Massera J, Claireaux C, Lehtonen T, Tuominen J, Hupa L, Hupa M (2011) Control of the thermal properties of slow bioresorbable glasses by boron addition. J Non-Cryst Solids 357:3623–3630
Lehtonen TJ, Tuominen JU, Hiekkanen E (2013) Resorbable composites with bioresorbable glass fibers for load-bearing applications. In vitro degradation and degradation mechanism. Acta Biomater 9:4868–4877
International Organization for Standardization (1985) ISO 719-1985 (E) Glass—hydrolytic resistance of glass grains at 98 °C—method of test and classification
Kokubo T, Kushitani H, Sakka S (1990) Solutions able to reproduce in vivo surface-structure changes in bioactive glass-ceramics A-W. J Biomed Mater Res 24:721–734
Fagerlund S, Ek P, Hupa L, Hupa M (2012) Dissolution kinetics of a bioactive glass by continuous measurement. J Am Ceram Soc 10:3130–3137
Fagerlund S, Hupa L, Hupa M (2013) Dissolution patterns of biocompatible glasses in 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3-diol (Tris) buffer. Acta Biomater 9:5400–5410
Hupa L, Fagerlund S, Massera J, Björkvik L (2016) Dissolution behavior of the bioactive glass S53P4 when sodium is replaced by potassium, and calcium with magnesium or strontium. J Non-Cryst Solids 432:41–46
Yong JC, Glaze FW, Faick CA, Finn AN (1939) Density of some soda–potash–silica glasses as a function of the composition. J Res Natl Bur Stand 22:453–464
Bruckner R, Tylkowski M, Hupa L, Brauer DS (2016) Controlling the ion release from mixed alkali bioactive glasses by varying modifier ionic radii and molar volume. J Mater Chem B 4:3121–3134
Grambow B, Müller R (2001) First-order dissolution rate law and the role of surface layers in glass performance assessment. J Nucl Mater 1–2:112–124
Cailleteau C, Weigel C, Ledieu A, Barboux P, Devreux F (2008) On the effect of glass composition in the dissolution of glasses by water. J Non-Cryst Solids 354:117–123
Maҫon ALB, Kim TB, Valliant EM, Goetschius K, Brow RK, Day DE, Hoppe A, Boccaccini AR et al (2015) A unified in vitro evaluation for apatite-forming ability of bioactive glasses and their variants. J Mater Sci Mater Med 26:115
Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J et al (2002) Ion channels and the electrical properties of membranes. In: Molecular biology of the cell, 4th edn, Garland Science, New York
Acknowledgements
X. Wang would like to thank the funding on her research from Academy of Finland (Project Number: 268455). Linus Silvander is acknowledged for his technical assistance on SEM analysis. Luis Bezerra and Jan-Erik Eriksson are both acknowledged for carrying out the ICP-OES measurements.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, X., Fagerlund, S., Massera, J. et al. Do properties of bioactive glasses exhibit mixed alkali behavior?. J Mater Sci 52, 8986–8997 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-017-0915-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-017-0915-y