Abstract
Resorbable phosphate-based glasses have been applied as fibrous reinforcement for resorbable polymers for fracture fixation. The mechanical properties of these composites largely depend on the mechanical properties of the fibres. In this current study, four phosphate-based glass compositions were produced by replacing Na2O with B2O3 and/or Fe2O3 in the glass system P2O5–CaO–Na2O–MgO, and the P2O5 content was fixed at 45 mol%. The thermal stability of the glasses containing both B2O3 and Fe2O3 and/or FeO (P45B5Fe5 and P45B5Fe3) was significantly higher than that of the only B2O3 (P45B5)- or Fe2O3 (P45Fe3 and P45Fe5)-containing glasses. The viscosity was found to shift to higher temperature with increasing B2O3 and Fe2O3 and/or FeO content. The fragility parameters, m and F 1/2, estimated from the viscosity curve, decrease with B2O3 addition. The improved physical properties of the glasses investigated with B2O3 and Fe2O3 and/or FeO addition were attributed to the replacement of P–O–P bonds with P–O–B and P–O–Fe bonds. The presence of P–O–B and P–O–Fe bonds in the glass structure was confirmed by the FTIR analysis. It was possible to draw continuous fibres up to 3 h from the B2O3- or Fe2O3- and/or FeO-containing glasses, whereas it was difficult to pull fibre from only Fe2O3-containing glasses and the fibre pulling process was not continuous. Therefore, addition of B2O3 to the glass system enabled successful drawing of continuous fibres from glasses with phosphate (P2O5) contents of 45 mol%. It was also observed that addition of only Fe2O3 and/or FeO did not have a significant effect on the fibre mechanical properties, whilst the mechanical properties of the fibres increased with increasing B2O3.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Saranti A, Koutselas I, Karakassides MA (2006) Bioactive glasses in the system CaO–B2O3–P2O5: preparation, structural study and in vitro evaluation. J Non Cryst Solids 352:390–398
Knowles JC (2003) Phosphate based glasses for biomedical applications. J Mater Chem 13:2395–2401
Ahmed I, Lewis M, Olsen I, Knowles JC (2004) Phosphate glasses for tissue engineering: part 1. Processing and characterisation of a ternary-based P2O5–CaO–Na2O glass system. Biomaterials 25:491–499
Abou Neel EA, Pickup DM, Valappil SP, Newport RJ, Knowles JC (2009) Bioactive functional materials: a perspective on phosphate-based glasses. J Mater Chem 19:690–701
Ahmed I, Shaharuddin SS, Sharmin N, Furniss D, Rudd C (2015) Core/clad phosphate glass fibres containing iron and/or titanium. Biomed Glass 1:20–30
Schiewer E, Lutze W, Boatner LA, Sales BC (1985) Characterization of lead-iron phosphate nuclear waste glasses. In: MRS online proceedings library, vol 50
Bingham PA, Hand RJ (2005) Vitrified metal finishing wastes: I. Composition, density and chemical durability. J Hazard Mater 119:125–133
Bingham PA, Hand RJ, Forder SD, Lavaysierre A (2005) Vitrified metal finishing wastes: II. Thermal and structural characterisation. J Hazard Mater 122:129–138
Ahmed I, Collins CA, Lewis MP, Olsen I, Knowles JC (2004) Processing, characterisation and biocompatibility of iron-phosphate glass fibres for tissue engineering. Biomaterials 25:3223–3232
Han N, Ahmed I, Parsons AJ, Harper L, Scotchford CA, Scammell BE et al (2013) Influence of screw holes and gamma sterilization on properties of phosphate glass fiber-reinforced composite bone plates. J Biomater Appl 27:990–1002
Arstila H, Vedel E, Hupa L, Hupa M (2007) Factors affecting crystallization of bioactive glasses. J Eur Ceram Soc 27:1543–1546
Pemberton JE, Latifzadeh L, Fletcher JP, Risbud SH (1991) Raman spectroscopy of calcium phosphate glasses with varying calcium oxide modifier concentrations. Chem Mater 3:195–200
Harada T, In H, Takebe H, Morinaga K (2004) Effect of B2O3 addition on the thermal stability of barium phosphate glasses for optical fiber devices. J Am Ceram Soc 87:408–411
Sharmin N, Hasan MS, Parsons AJ, Furniss D, Scotchford CA, Ahmed I et al (2013) Effect of boron addition on the thermal, degradation, and cytocompatibility properties of phosphate-based glasses. BioMed Res Int 2013:12
Sharmin N, Parsons AJ, Rudd CD, Ahmed I (2014) Effect of boron oxide addition on fibre drawing, mechanical properties and dissolution behaviour of phosphate-based glass fibres with fixed 40, 45 and 50 mol% P2O5. J Biomater Appl 29(5):639–653
Sharmin N, Hasan MS, Parsons AJ, Rudd CD, Ahmed I (2016) Cytocompatibility, mechanical and dissolution properties of high strength boron and iron oxide phosphate glass fibre reinforced bioresorbable composites. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 59:41–56
Seddon A, Tikhomirov V, Rowe H, Furniss D (2007) Temperature dependence of viscosity of Er3+-doped oxyfluoride glasses and nano-glass-ceramics. J Mater Sci Mater Electron 18:145–151
Gent AN (1960) Theory of the parallel plate viscometer. Br J Appl Phys 11:85–87
Parsons AJ, Sharmin N, Shaharuddin SIS, Marshall M (2015) Viscosity profiles of phosphate glasses through combined quasi-static and bob-in-cup methods. J Non Cryst Solids 408:76–86
Fulcher GS (1925) Analysis of recent measurements of the viscosity of glasses. J Am Ceram Soc 8:339–355
Richert R, Angell CA (1998) Dynamics of glass-forming liquids. V. On the link between molecular dynamics and configurational entropy. J Chem Phys 108:9016–9026
Angell CA (1988) Structural instability and relaxation in liquid and glassy phases near the fragile liquid limit. J Non Cryst Solids 102:205–221
Martinez L-M, Angell CA (2001) A thermodynamic connection to the fragility of glass-forming liquids. Nature 410:663–667
Ahmed I, Parsons AJ, Palmer G, Knowles JC, Walker GS, Rudd CD (2008) Weight loss, ion release and initial mechanical properties of a binary calcium phosphate glass fiber/PCL composite. Acta Biomater 4:1307–1314
Hull D, Clyne TW (1996) An introduction to composite materials. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Massera J, Claireaux C, Lehtonen T, Tuominen J, Hupa L, Hupa M (2011) Control of the thermal properties of slow bioresorbable glasses by boron addition. J Non Cryst Solids 357:3623–3630
Karabulut M, Yuce B, Bozdogan O, Ertap H, Mammadov GM (2011) Effect of boron addition on the structure and properties of iron phosphate glasses. J Non Cryst Solids 357:1455–1462
Metwalli E, Brow RK (2001) Modifier effects on the properties and structures of aluminophosphate glasses. J Non Cryst Solids 289:113–122
Kim N-J, Im S-H, Kim D-H, Yoon D-K, Ryu B-K (2010) Structure and properties of borophosphate glasses. Electron Mater Lett 6:103–106
Agathopoulos S, Tulyaganov DU, Ventura JMG, Kannan S, Saranti A, Karakassides MA et al (2006) Structural analysis and devitrification of glasses based on the CaO–MgO–SiO2 system with B2O3, Na2O, CaF2 and P2O5 additives. J Non Cryst Solids 352:322–328
Bartholomew RF (1972) Structure and properties of silver phosphate glasses—Infrared and visible spectra. J Non Cryst Solids 7:221–235
Fujino S, Hwang C, Morinaga K (2003) Density, surface tension, and viscosity of BaO-ZnO-P2O5 glass melts. Shigen-to-Sozai 119:423–426
Toyoda S, Fujino S, Morinaga K (2003) Density, viscosity and surface tension of 50RO–50P2O5 (R: mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, and Zn) glass melts. J Non Cryst Solids 321:169–174
Striepe S, Deubener J (2012) Viscosity and kinetic fragility of alkaline earth zinc phosphate glasses. J Non Cryst Solids 358:1480–1485
Gaylord S, Tincher B, Petit L, Richardson K (2009) Viscosity properties of sodium borophosphate glasses. Mater Res Bull 44:1031–1035
GPEKL C (1014) Viscous flow of sodium phosphate glasses from 101 to 1014 poise. Soc Glass Technol 1986(27):241–244
Shaharuddin SIS, Ahmed I, Furniss D, Parsons AJ, Rudd CD (2012) Thermal properties, viscosities and densities of glasses. Glass Technol 53:245–251
Fang X, Ray CS, Day DE (2003) Glass transition and fragility of iron phosphate glasses.: II. Effect of mixed-alkali. J Non Cryst Solids 319:314–321
Griffith EJ, Callis CF (1959) Structure and properties of condensed phosphates. XV. Viscosity of ultraphosphate melts. J Am Chem Soc 81:833–836
Bushra Al-Hasni GM (2010) Structural investigation of iron phosphate glasses using molecular dynamics simulation. J Non Cryst Solids 337:2775–2779
Ahmed I, Lewis M, Olsen I, Knowles JC (2004) Phosphate glasses for tissue engineering: part 2. Processing and characterisation of a ternary-based P2O5–CaO–Na2O glass fibre system. Biomaterials 25:501–507
Sharmin N, Hasan MS, Rudd CD, Boyd D, Werner-Zwanziger U, Ahmed I, et al (2016) Effect of boron oxide addition on the viscosity-temperature behaviour and structure of phosphate-based glasses. J Biomed Mater Res B 59:41–56
Ahmed IC, Crocin PS, Abou Neel EA, Parsons AJ, Knowles JC, Rudd CD (2009) Retention of mechanical properties and cytocompatibility of a phosphate-based glass fiber/polylactic acid composite. J Biomed Mater Res B 89:18–27
Felfel RM, Ahmed I, Parsons AJ, Haque P, Walker GS, Rudd CD (2012) Investigation of crystallinity, molecular weight change, and mechanical properties of PLA/PBG bioresorbable composites as bone fracture fixation plates. J Biomater Appl 26:765–789
Kurkjian CR (2000) Mechanical properties of phosphate glasses. J Non Cryst Solids 263:207–212
Koudelka L, Mošner P (2000) Borophosphate glasses of the ZnO–B2O3–P2O5 system. Mater Lett 42:194–199
Pukh VP, Baikova LG, Kireenko MF, Tikhonova LV, Kazannikova TP, Sinani AB (2005) Atomic structure and strength of inorganic glasses. Phys Solid State 47:876–881
Qiu D, Guerry P, Ahmed I, Pickup DM, Carta D, Knowles JC et al (2008) A high-energy X-ray diffraction, 31P and 11B solid-state NMR study of the structure of aged sodium borophosphate glasses. Mater Chem Phys 111:455–462
Rinke MT, Eckert H (2011) The mixed network former effect in glasses: solid state NMR and XPS structural studies of the glass system (Na2O) x (BPO4)1−x. Phys Chem Chem Phys 13:6552–6565
Carta D, Qiu D, Guerry P, Ahmed I, Abou Neel EA, Knowles JC et al (2008) The effect of composition on the structure of sodium borophosphate glasses. J Non Cryst Solids 354:3671–3677
Karabulut M, Melnik E, Stefan R, Marasinghe GK, Ray CS, Kurkjian CR et al (2001) Mechanical and structural properties of phosphate glasses. J Non Cryst Solids 288:8–17
Parsons AJ, Ahmed I, Yang J, Cozien-Cazuc S, Rudd CD (2007) Heat-treatment of phosphate glass fibres and its effect on composite property retention. In: 16th international conference on composite materials 2007
Baikova LG, Fedorov YK, Tolstoi MN, Pukh VP, Tikhonova LV, Lunter SG, Sinani AB (1991) Structural strength of phosphate glasses. Sov J Glass Phys Chem 16:211–217
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sharmin, N., Rudd, C.D., Parsons, A.J. et al. Structure, viscosity and fibre drawing properties of phosphate-based glasses: effect of boron and iron oxide addition. J Mater Sci 51, 7523–7535 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-016-0032-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-016-0032-3